三国名将于禁生平及“弗克其终”考

A Brief Study of the life of the Famous General Named YüJin of Three Kingdoms and his“Disloyalty in the End”

于禁是出身低微、发于卒伍的三国名将。他凭借赫赫战功逐步升迁,成为曹魏方面著名的“五子良将”之一。但在晚年赴救樊城时,却兵败被俘,被曹氏父子及后代史家视为“弗克其终”的典型。考察其人生轨迹和行为做派,可知其思想性格饱受邹鲁文化的浸润,是颇有操守的儒将;他之所以兵败时未能慷慨赴死,并非由于贪生怕死,而应是为了避免陷于洪水的数万名部下将士死于非命而不惜自污英名。对他的这种选择应该给予合理评价,而不应简单地全面否定。

Yu Ban was a general of The Three Kingdoms who was born in humble background and died in the ar⁃my.By virtue of his outstanding military achievements,he gradually rose to the top and became one of the famous"Five Elite Generals"of the state of Cao Wei.However,when he went to save Fan Castle in his old age,he was de⁃feated and captured,which was regarded as a typical example of"disloyalty"by Cao Cao and his sons and later his⁃torians.After examining his life track and behavior,we can see that his thought and character were deeply influ⁃enced by Zou Lu culture,and he was quite a moral Confucian general.His failure to die generously during the de⁃feat was not due to his fear of death,but to his self-dishonor in order to avoid the death of tens of thousands of his soldiers trapped in the flood.He should be given a reasonable evaluation of this choice,rather than simply de⁃nied completely.