清代杭州诗人群诗学思想的演变

The evolution of poetic thoughts of Hangzhou poets in the Qing Dynasty

明清之际“西陵十子”以复古诗学倡雅乡邦,“古风以选体为尚,近体以唐人为归”,使杭州在清初成为一个颇具影响力的宗唐复古重镇。其后“西陵后十子”继起,尊奉乡里前辈的宗唐复古理论,倡导温厚和平,崇尚清雅,同时力图扩大诗学视野,在宗唐立场上承认宋元诗亦有佳处。雍乾间,以厉鹗为首的浙派崛起诗坛,在很大程度上改变了杭州诗坛自“西陵十子”以来的宗唐复古之风,但其对唐诗的浸润、对清雅的追求、宗宋仅取“永嘉四灵”及陈与义等小家而非苏轼及黄庭坚等大家,均与西陵前辈有着密切的关系。乾嘉之际,以朱彭为首的抱山堂诗人群不满厉鹗等人的宗宋取向与“枯瘠琐碎”,标举复古诗学,使杭州诗坛重新回到了清初“西陵十子”所倡导的宗唐轨道。有清一代杭州诗人群前后踵继,薪火相传,不仅形成了宗唐、崇雅、尚清的诗学传统,亦使杭州诗坛在长达百余年间持续活跃,成为清代诗坛的重要组成部分。

“Ten Xiling Wits”advocated retro-classical poetry,learning poetry with Selected Works and Tang Poetry,thus making Hangzhou an influential town of Retro Poetics in the Early Qing Dynasty.Later,“Post Ten Xiling Wits”followed up,respecting their ancestor’theory of Retro Poetics and advocating gentleness and elegance,while also trying to expand the vision of poetry,recognizing the advantages of Song and Yuan poetry from the standpoint of Tang poetry.During the Yongzheng and Qianlong period,the rise of Zhejiang School led by Li E changed the trend of Retro Poetics to a great extent in Hangzhou’s poetry circle since the“Ten Xiling Wits”.However,their indulgence into Tang poetry,their pursuit of elegance,and their study of Song poetry with only poems from the“Four Poets in Yongjia”and Chen Yuyi instead of those from Su Shi and Huang Tingjian,were closely related to their predecessors of Xiling.During the reign of Emperors Qianlong and Jiaqing period,the poets of Baoshantang headed by Zhu Peng were not satisfied with their following of Song Poetry and their idea of“being barren and trivial”.They promoted the retro-classical poetics,and made the poetry circle of Hangzhou back to the track of Tang poetry advocated by the“Ten Xiling Wits”in the early Qing Dynasty.The succession of Hangzhou poets in the Qing Dynasty not only formed the poetic traditions of following the Tang poetry and sticking to the idea of being elegant and gentle,but also maintained the prosperity of Hangzhou poetry circle for more than a hundred years and made it an important part of the Qing poetry in the Qing Dynasty.