从“一乡之士”到“万世真儒”:“朱子世嫡”北山四先生从祀孔庙的历史考察

From local scholars to eternal Confucianists:research on the Four North-Mountain Scholars of Jinhua,an orthodox school of Zhu Xi,and their entering into the Confucius temple sacrifices

孔庙入祀人物的进退,昭示了历代正统观以及时代汲求的变化。北山四先生虽在南宋至元代获官方尊崇,并在地方祠祀,但婺州士人建构的“朱子世嫡”说法并未得到其他朱学派系以及国家的认可。明初宋濂、王袆等乡后学凭借政治地位将这一说法载入《元史》,使之逐渐成为理学史的主流。明代请祀四先生的屡次失败,说明唐代以来“代用其书,垂于国胄”以及长幼亲疏的从祀标准在明代仍持之甚严。清初的学术环境与雍正的统治策略,促成四人在雍正二年顺利入祀。请祀的挫败与成功,反映了入祀标准由“传经”向“明道”的转变,同时也折射出官方对程朱理学利用的强化以及“治统”与“道统”逐渐合一的历史趋势。

The entering and exit of the sacrificial figures in Confucius temple reflected the ideological needs of different times.Although the doctrine of the four North-Mountain Scholars in Jinhua was officially honored from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty and the four were hence worshipped in local temples,the name of“orthodox school of Zhu Xi”constructed by local scholars in Wuzhou was not recognized by other schools of Zhu Xi and the state.Song Lian and Wang Hui,by virtue of their political status,included this statement(an orthodox school of Zhu Xi)into Yuan shi in the Early years of the Ming Dynasty,which gradually became the mainstream of the history of the Neo-Confucianism.The repeated failures of the plea of adding the four North-Mountain Scholars to the Confucian temple sacrifices in the Ming Dynasty indicated that the standards of Confucius temple sacrifices,which followed the criteria of whether their works have been officially recommended as reference books for the imperial exams and the ancestry standards of elders and children since the Tang Dynasty remained very strict.The academic environment and the ruling policy of Emperor Yongzheng(1678-1735)enabled the four scholars to enter the Confucius temple ceremony smoothly in the second year of Emperor Yongzheng.The failure and success of the sacrificial ceremony reflected the transformation of the sacrifice standard from“inheriting the scriptures”to“understanding Dao”,and also reflected the strengthening of the official use of Cheng and Zhu’s Neo-Confucianism and the historical trend of the gradual integration of“governance orthodoxy”and“Confucian orthodoxy”.