从“虚气相即”到“知行合一”——宋明理学“天人合一”主题的展开、落实及其指向

From“Xu and Qi Are Inseparable”to“the Unity of Knowledge and Action”——On the Development,Implementation and Direction of the Theme o f“the Unity of Heaven and Human”in Neo Confucianism of Song and Ming Dynasties

中国文化一直以“天人合一”为至上追求。但在不同的时代,天人合一又有其不同的内涵,比如在理学的开创阶段,天人合一就表现为本然与实然的统一,这种统一正好表现在张载以“虚气相即”为代表的本体论与宇宙论的并建与统一上,理学的本体宇宙论即由此得以确立。到了朱子时代,天人合一又表现为理与气的不即不离;但理和气本然与实然的两属以及“所以然”与“所当然”的不同侧重,又意味着“尊德性”与“道问学”、理本论与气化宇宙论的分裂。到了王阳明,才从官场与学界共同的内外背反现象中发现了知行为二的根源,所以其从身心一致的“知行合一”出发,并通过致良知,从而完成了从知行到身心、主客包括本然与实然两重世界的统一;而从批评程朱未能“定于一”的罗钦顺起始,则又从理与气之不可分割特征入手走向了气学。这样一来,心学与气学,既是中国文化天人合一追求的两种不同走向,同时也代表着中华民族现代化追求的双重资源。

In Chinese culture,“the unity of Heaven and Human”is the highest pursuit.However,it’s connotations are different in every times.For example,in the new established stage of Neo Confucianism,the unity of Heaven and Human is the unity of nature and reality,and reflected in the combination and unity of Zhang Zai’s ontology and cosmology that represented by Xu(“虚”)and Qi(“气”)are inseparable,then the ontological cosmology of Neo Confucianism was established.In the era of Zhu Tzu,the unity of Heaven and Human was characterized by the inseparability of Li(“理”)and Qi are neither too familiar nor too distant.However,the two categories of“what is the reason why”and“what it should be”have different emphasis that meant treasuring one’s innate virtues and accumulating one’s knowledge,ontology of Li and cosmology of Qi were divided.Until Wang Yangming analysed the phenomenon of the common internal and external antinomy between officialdom and academia,and discovered the root that knowledge and action are two things.Therefore,he started from the“unity of knowledge and practice”of the one of body and mind,and completed the structure from knowledge and action to body and mind,subject and object,including the original and the real world by the intuitive knowledge.Nevertheless,starting from Luo Qinshun,who criticized Cheng-zhu school for failing to“one is conformed”,he started from the inseparable characteristics of Li and Qi,insisting the theory of Qi.In this way,the philosophy of the mind and the Qi are not only two different trends of the pursuit of the unity of Heaven and Human in Chinese culture,but also represent the dual resources in the pursuit of modernization of the Chinese nation.