冬奥会/冬青奥会运动损伤资料分析

Analysis of Sports Injuries from Winter Olympic andWinter Youth Olympic Games

目的分析既往冬奥会和冬青奥会赛事期间运动员出现运动损伤的特征。方法收集2010年、2014年冬奥会和2012年冬青奥会的注册运动员资料,包括各比赛项目损伤人数、损伤部位、损伤类型和严重程度等信息,统计分析其流行病学特征。结果共收集6370人次注册运动员信息,记录789次运动损伤,每1000人次注册运动员损伤率为123.9,平均11%的运动员至少受伤1次。三届赛事损伤率比较有显著性差异(χ^2=12.301,P=0.002),女性比男性更容易受伤(χ^2=5.220,P=0.022)。损伤率最高的项目前3名分别为单板滑雪(23.9%)、自由式滑雪(23.2%)和雪车(18.0%);损伤人次最多的项目前3名分别为冰球(160人次,20.3%)、高山滑雪(128人次,16.2%)和单板滑雪(113人次,14.3%)。最常累及的部位前3名为膝部(54人次,13.6%)、头部(41人次,10.3%)和腰椎/腰部(27人次,6.8%);最常见的损伤类型前3名为挫伤/血肿/擦伤(123人次,30.9%)、扭伤(包括脱位/半脱位或韧带断裂)(71人次,17.8%)和拉伤(包括肌肉断裂/撕裂或肌腱断裂)(47人次,11.8%)。有251例损伤(31.8%)预计会影响运动员继续比赛或训练,其中81例为严重损伤(32.3%)。结论冬季运动赛事致伤率高,受伤类型多,危重患者多,不同比赛项目中损伤率和损伤人数差异很大。训练和医疗救治上要重点关注受伤风险高的单板滑雪、自由式滑雪和雪车项目,还有损伤人数多的冰球和高山滑雪项目。未来需要关注具体运动项目的技术特点、损伤危险因素和机制研究,减少运动损伤的发生,同时要加强运动损伤绿色通道建设,减少伤残和促进伤员运动功能的恢复。

Objective To analyze the characteristics of athletes'sports injuries during the Winter Olympic and Winter Youth Olympic Games.Methods The information of registered athletes during the 2010,2014 Winter Olympics and 2012 Winter Youth Olympic Games,including the injury numbers of each sport,damage sites,types and severity of injuries were collected,and the epidemiological characteristics were analyzed.Results A total of 6370 person-time registered athletes were collected and 789 sports injuries were recorded.The injury rate per 1000 registered athletes was 123.9.An average of 11% of athletes was injured at least once.There was a significant difference in the injury rate among these events(χ^2=12.301,P=0.002).Women were more likely to be injured than men(χ^2=5.220,P=0.022).The top three sports with the highest injury rate were snowboarding(23.9%),freestyle skiing(23.2%)and Bobsleigh(18.0%);the top three sports with the largest number of injuries were ice hockey(160 person-time,20.3%),alpine skiing(128 person-time,16.2%)and snowboarding(113 person-time,14.3%).The top three most injured sites were knee(54 person-time,13.6%),head(41 person-time,10.3%)and lumbar spine/lower back(27 person-time,6.8%);the top three types of injury were contusion/haematoma/bruise(123 person-time,30.9%),sprain(dislocation/subluxation or ligamentous rupture)(71 person-time,17.8%)and strain(muscle rupture/tear or tendon rupture)(47 person-time,11.8%).A total of 251 injuries(31.8%)were expected to result in time loss for the athlete,81 out of whom were severe injuries(32.3%).Conclusion There is a mass of sport injuries in winter sports events with different types and severities.The incidence of injury varies with sports,and it is focused on snowboarding,freestyle skiing and Bobsleigh,ice hockey and alpine skiing.It is needed to research the technical characteristics of specific sports,damage risk factors and mechanism to reduce the sports injuries,and to construct green channels for sports injuries,to promote the recovery of function.