我国充填采煤技术回顾及发展现状

Review and development status of backfill coal mining technology in China

煤矿充填开采技术在固体废弃物处置、控制采煤沉陷、提高资源采出率和建设生态矿山等方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。自20世纪初至今,世界矿山充填开采技术已有百年的发展历史。根据资料分析,按照充填材料类型划分,20世纪矿山充填技术经历了废石干式充填、水砂充填、低浓度尾砂胶结充填和膏体充填4个发展阶段,回顾了当时我国充填采煤技术的应用和发展历程以及水砂充填、矸石自溜充填等主要充填工艺。21世纪以来,我国充填采煤技术取得了快速发展,形成了固体、膏体和超高水3种充填材料和应用于综采、连采工作面的2种充填工艺,固体废弃物利用种类、充填效果、机械化程度、整体技术水平大幅提升,对充填材料及其制备输送,工作面充填工艺特点进行了归纳总结,尤其是剖析了综采工作面充填的特点及生产效率制约因素,提出应从新型装备研发、临时护顶技术、充填空间高效密封措施等方面减少充填各环节时间。最后,结合实践效果,从充填采煤能力、地表下沉系数、充填开采增加成本、资源采出率和技术适用条件方面对固体充填综采、膏体充填综采、超高水充填综采、固体充填连采、膏体充填连采5种充填采煤方式进行了分析,为各矿选择适合自身的充填方式提供了依据。

Coal mine backfill mining technology plays a pivotal role in solid waste disposal,control of coal mining subsidence,improvement of resource recovery rate and construction of ecological mines.Since the beginning of the 20th century,the world’s mine backfill mining technology has a century of development history.According to data analysis and the types of backfill materials,the backfill mining technology in the 20th century experienced four development stages:dry waste backfill,water sand backfill,low-concentration tailings cemented backfill and paste backfill.The backfill coal mining technology of China at that time,the application and development process of the main backfill process such as water sand backfill and gangue self-sliding backfill were reviewed.Since the 21st century,China’s backfill mining technology has achieved rapid development,forming three types of backfill materials:solid,paste,and ultra-high water,and two types of backfill technologies applied to fully-mechanized and continuous mining faces.The types of solid waste utilization,the backfill effect,the degree of mechanization,and the overall technical level have been greatly improved.The backfill materials and their preparation and transportation,and the characteristics of the backfill process of the working face were summarized.In particular,the characteristics of the backfill of the fully-mechanized mining face and the production efficiency constraints were analyzed.It is proposed to reduce the time of various backfill links in terms of new equipment research and development,temporary roof protection technology,and efficient sealing measures for backfill spaces.Finally,combined with the practical results,from the aspects of backfill coal mining capacity,surface subsidence coefficient,cost of backfill mining,resource recovery rate and technical application conditions,five types of backfill coal mining methods including comprehensive mining with solid backfill,comprehensive mining with paste backfill,comprehensive mining with ultra-high water backfill,solid backfill continuous mining and paste backfill continuous mining were analyzed.This provides a basis for each mine to choose its own backfill method.