清代苏沪地区饥荒的时空变化及其环境因素

Spatio-temporal characteristics of famine and its environmental causes in the Jiangsu-Shanghai region during the Qing Dynasty(1644-1911)

论文基于方志等多源史料提取饥荒的时间和地点信息,利用语义差异法和指数法构建了清代(1644—1911年)苏沪地区逐年的饥荒指数序列,复原了饥荒的空间分布特征,探讨了不同致灾因子及其组合对饥荒时空特征的影响。结果表明:(1)从时间上看,清代苏沪地区饥荒频率和强度有明显的阶段性、周期性、季节性及间歇式暴发等波动特征,最严重时段是康乾盛世的中后期及由盛转衰的道光和咸丰时期。(2)饥荒的空间分布整体呈"两带、多核"的东南—西北向分布格局,长江两岸、太湖及高邮湖周边一带和废黄河、洪泽湖周边一带是饥荒多发区域。除受区域人口、经济等社会因素影响外,水域格局等地理背景对饥荒多发区的分布有重要影响。(3)饥荒主要环境致灾因素为洪涝灾害,其次为旱灾和风潮,其他灾害影响较小。不同致灾因子组合对饥荒影响不同,单因子致灾的饥荒比例占绝大多数,双因子和三因子对应的饥荒程度整体均大于单因子情形,与水旱灾相关的饥荒分布决定了研究区整体的饥荒分布格局。上述认识对于辨识苏沪地区饥荒高风险区、探索区域自然灾害对饥荒的影响及未来粮食安全保障机制有一定的参考价值。

The risk of famine and food insecurity in the process of socioeconomic development is an important issue. This study examined the trend of famines in the Jiangsu and Shanghai region in the Qing Dynasty during1644-1911. Based on the 1487 famine records extracted from local chronicles and other historical materials, this study first reconstructed two annual sequences of famines(frequency of counties affected by famine and its weighted index) by using the semantic differential method and weighted index. Then, the study quantitatively explored the spatial-temporal variations of the famines and their causes from different factors and their combinations during the Qing Dynasty, using multiple statistical tools such as wavelet analysis and kernel density estimation. The results show that: 1) Famines were very frequent in the Jiangsu and Shanghai area throughout the Qing Dynasty, with an average of one famine per 1.2 years and six counties affected annually by famines, but the vast majority of famine years were dominated by mild famines(grade 1) and moderate famines(grade 2). The frequency and intensity of the famines in the study area displayed clear patterns of phasic,periodic, seasonal, and intermittent explosive changes. The most serious periods were the mid-late part of the prosperous Kangxi-Qianlong times, and the periods during the reigns of Daoguang and Xianfeng when the Qing Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline. In addition to the increasing frequency of extreme droughts and floods in these two periods, it might also be related to the significant increase in the exposure and vulnerability of the social system to disasters and famines at those times. 2) The spatial distribution of famines is characterized by a pattern of "two-zones and multi-nucleus" from southeast to northwest. The areas along the banks of the Yangtze River, around the Taihu Lake and the Gaoyou Lake, the old Yellow River course and the Hongze Lake were famine-prone areas. Besides the social factors like population and economic development, the geographic environment, especially the distribution of water bodies, had an important impact on the distribution of famineprone areas. 3) The main environmental factors that caused famine were flooding, followed by droughts and storm surges, and other disasters accounted for only a small part. The combination of different disaster-causing factors would have different effects on famine. The proportion of famines caused by a single environmental factor accounted for the vast majority. With regard to the severity of famine, the mean famine index values corresponding to those caused by a combination of two and three environmental factors were both larger than that of a single factor. The distribution of famines related to floods and droughts determined the overall distribution pattern of famines in the Jiangsu-Shanghai region during 1644-1911. The above understanding can provide some valuable reference for identifying high-risk areas of famine in Jiangsu and Shanghai and exploring the impact of regional natural hazards on famine and protection mechanisms of food security in the future.