欧洲现代国家的形成:一个国际文献综述

The Making of the Modern State in Europe:an International Literature Review

国家建构是政治学研究中最为经典的主题之一,但是“战争论”一度主导着西方学术界。早期的战争论主要是一种“由外而内”“自上而下”地观察国家形成的视角,从而将原本客观中性的国家形成研究转变成国家建构研究。本文从区分国家建构和国家形成出发,提出观察欧洲国家形成的“由内而外”视角,并抽象出西方学术界最为主流的四种国家形成理论:战争论、西方马克思主义、社会精英论和意识形态论。西方马克思主义从生产方式和阶级关系出发来探讨欧洲国家的形成、性质和发展;社会精英论从精英斗争角度透视欧洲国家形成的中观机制;意识形态论探寻意识形态、宗教信条等文化因素对政治行动者的驱动和制度形成的影响,处于主流理论的边缘。从主流理论的国家概念的反思出发,国家的意识形态面向应成为国家形成研究的新议程,应该将国家视作一个物质-文化综合体,采用“过程追踪”的方法将国家的物质和文化面向结合在历史中。

State-building is one of the most classic themes in the study of political science,but bellicist theory once dominated the western academia.The early bellicist theory was mainly a "from the outside in" and "from the top down" perspective to observe the formation of states,so as to transform the original objective and neutral state formation research into state-building research.Starting from the distinction between state-building and state formation,this paper puts forward the perspective of "from the inside out" to observe the formation of European states,and abstracts four most mainstream theories of state formation in western academia:bellicist theory, Western Marxism,social elitism theory and ideology theory.Western Marxism discusses the formation,nature and development of European states from the perspective of mode of production and class relations.The social elitism theory looks at the middle mechanism of the formation of European states from the perspective of elite struggle.Ideology theory explores the influence of ideology,religious creed and other cultural factors on the drive of political actors and the formation of institutions,which is on the edge of the mainstream theory.Based on the reflection of the concept of the state in the mainstream theory,the ideology face of the state has correspondingly become a new agenda for the study of state formation.The state should be regarded as a material-cultural complex,and the "process tracking" method can be adopted to combine the material and cultural aspects of the state in history.