日本侵华战争的决策体制与政策

Japanese Decision-making Institution and Policies in its Aggressive War Against China

近代日本形成了一套独特的战争决策体制,到全面侵华战争及太平洋战争时期臻于完善,并最终伴随着战败而崩溃。以“明治宪法”为核心,日本确立了以天皇为首、政府与军部为主体的政军体制;统帅权独立制、帷幄上奏制以及1900年规定的军部大臣现役武官制,成为其军国主义制度的重要体现。甲午至日俄战争时期,日本实行的“大本营”与“御前会议”,是战时确立的决策体制;战后制订的国防方针,则是其对外军事战略。作为明治时代的政治与军事遗产,它深刻影响着此后的侵华战争与太平洋战争。第一次世界大战前后、特别是九一八事变以后,日本的军政制度与决策体制有所改变;国防方针亦经过三次修改,最终在1936年8月确立了南北并进的世界战争战略和以分裂华北为中心的侵华政策。七七事变以后,日本迅速走向全面侵华战争,恢复了“大本营”“御前会议”制度,并实行“大本营—政府联席会议”的决策体制,推行以解决“中国事变”为名的侵华政策;在太平洋战争后期,又推出“最高战争指导会议”的决策体制,但最终以失败告终。近代日本经过不断演变而确立的以天皇为首、政府与军部为主体、以政略与战略为核心的侵华战争决策体制与政策,证明了日本的侵华与对外战争,并非仅仅是军部与军国主义的责任,也是包括天皇与政府在内的日本最高统治集团的共同责任。

Modern Japan formed a unique war decision-making institution,which was perfected during its all­out War of Aggression Against China and the Pacific War,and eventually collapsed with its defeat.With the“Meiji Constitution”(明治宪法)as the core,Japan established a political and military institution headed by the Mikado(天皇)and dominated by the government and the military headquarters.The system of military independent commandership,the system of direct appeal to the throne by the military(帷幄上奏制)and the Law of Military Minister to Be Active-Duty Office(军部大臣现役武官制)stipulated in 1900,became important embodiments of its militarist system.During the period from the I 894 Sino-Japanese War(甲午占戈争)to the 1905 Russo-Japanese War(日俄战争),“Base Camp”(大本营)and“Imperial Conference”(御前会议)were formulated and implemented as Japan’s decision-making institutions during wars.The national defense policy formulated after the 1905 Russo-Japanese War acted as its foreign military strategy.As the military-political heritage of the Meiji era,it profoundly influenced its subsequent War of Aggression Against China and the Pacific War(太平洋战争)。Around the First World War,especially after the September 18th Incident(九一八事变)in 1931,Japan’s military and political systems and decision-making systems were changed.Japanese national defense policy was revised three times,and finally the world-war strategy to advance north&south,and the policy of aggression against China centered on the division of North China,were established.After the July 7th Incident(七七事变)or the Marco Polo Bridge Incident(卢沟桥事变)in 1937,Japan quickly moved towards a full-scale war of aggression against China,restored the systems of“Base Camp”and“Imperial Conference”,implemented the decision-making system of“Base Camp-Government Joint Conference”,and carried out the policy of aggression against China in the name of solving the“China Incident”(中国事变).In the late period of the Pacific War,the decision-making system of the“Supreme War Guidance Conference”was introduced,but finally ended in failure.In modern Japan,the decision-making institution with the policies concerning its wars of aggression against China,which was headed by the Mikado,dominated by the government and the military headquarters as its main body,and centered on the political strategy and military strategy as the core,proved that Japan’s invasion of China and its foreign wars were attributed to not only the military headquarters and militarism,but also to the whole supreme ruling clique including the Mikado and the government.