低保边缘家庭的贫困表征、致贫原因与政策建议

Marginal families with minimum living standard:characters and causes of poverty and policy suggestions

低保边缘群体与最低生活保障制度相伴而生,是一个分界不甚清晰的多样化、多层次的特殊贫困群体。以青岛市崂山区低保边缘家庭为样本的调查发现,低保边缘群体虽然家庭人均收入从数字上略高于当地的最低生活保障线,但实际生活可能更加困难,这个群体的特点是老年人比例高;家庭成员患大病情况多,医疗负担重;家庭收支缺口大;自我改变现状的能力差,生活悲观等。低保边缘家庭贫困的形成机制中,遭遇风险变故是直接原因,家庭自身脆弱性是内在根源,社会保障支持不足是外在结构性因素,年龄、婚姻状况、子女个数、不能自理的家庭成员、养老金收入、医疗支出等微观因素都对低边家庭的形成有显著作用。政府对低保边缘家庭的救助以输血性、临时性的救助政策为主,很难帮他们摆脱贫困,目前面临有政策无制度,动态管理难,资金来源紧张等救助难题,需要通过寻求低边救助制度化和规范化路径,提升低边家庭信息管理系统的技术水平、扩充救助渠道和资金来源、实施差别化精准救助等方式来解决。

Accompanied by the minimum living security system,the marginal group of minimum living security system is a diversified and special poverty group with unclear boundary.Based on the survey in Laoshan District of Qingdao,it is found that although the per capita income of the families is slightly higher than the local minimum living security standard,their actual life may be more difficult.The characteristics of this group are that the proportion of elderly people is high,the family members suffer from serious diseases,the medical burden is heavy,the gap of family income and expenditure is large,and the ability of self-change is poor,their living attitude is pessimistic.In the formation mechanisms of poverty,the direct cause is the risk change,the internal root is the family’s own vulnerability,the external structural factor is the lack of social security support,and the micro factors such as age,marital status,number of children,disable family members,pension income,medical expenditure and other micro factors have a significant effect on the formation of poverty.The assistance is mainly based on transfusion and temporary relief policies.It is difficult to help them get rid of poverty.At present,there are some problems such as the existence of policies without systems,inefficient dynamic management and funds.To solve this problem,we should establish an institutionalized and standardized path for the marginal families with minimum living standard,such as improving the technical level of the information management system,expanding the sources of funds,and implementing differential and accurate assistance.