我国粮食补贴:政策演进、体系构成及优化路径

China’s Grain Subsidies:Policy Evolution,System Composition and Optimization Path

粮食补贴是世界各国支持农业、反哺农业的重要政策。新中国成立以来,我国粮食补贴政策从补贴范围、补贴强度和补贴对象方面进行了一系列的改革,先后经历了无粮食补贴、弱粮食补贴、粮食补贴政策体系初步形成和深化改革四个阶段,并逐步探索构建了以价格支持和直接补贴导向为主的农业支持保护制度。但随着我国经济的发展,特别是第一、二、三产业的转型升级,持续多年的普惠式农业补贴政策开始呈现边际效应递减,亟需优化完善。通过梳理我国农业补贴政策的演进和构成体系,分析当前补贴体系面临的新形势,进而提出优化粮食补贴政策的建议:完善顶层设计并明确粮食补贴政策的目标;构建符合WTO相关要求的新型粮食补贴政策体系;建立粮食主产区和产粮大县的利益补偿机制;保护粮食生产者利益并稳定政策调控预期。

Grain subsidy is an important policy for all countries in the world to support and nurture agriculture.Since the rural reform,in order to mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers to grow grain and stabilize the supply of important agricultural products,the state has continuously increased the support and protection,and carried out a series of reforms from the scope,intensity and object of subsidies,and gradually explored and constructed the agricultural support and protection system oriented by price support and direct subsidy.However,with the development of China’s economy,especially the transformation and upgrading of the primary,secondary and tertiary industries,the marginal effect of the inclusive agricultural subsidy policy has begun to decline.Therefore,through combing the evolution,composition system of agricultural subsidy policy and the new situation of current subsidy system,this paper puts forward some suggestions for optimizing grain subsidy policy:to build a new grain subsidy policy system,it is necessary to meet the relevant requirements of WTO;to manage well the expectation of policy regulation and control,to protect the interests of grain producers;to clarify the policy objectives of grain subsidies and to improve the efficiency of subsidies.