新乡贤是传统乡贤的现代回归吗?——基于新乡贤与传统乡贤治村的比较分析

Is the New Rural Sage the Modern Return of the Traditional Rural Sage?——Based on Comparative Analysis of the Governance of Villages by New and Traditional Rural Sages

乡贤治村,既可以看作是中国传统时期乡村治理历史演进的缩影,又在现代乡村治理中发挥不可或缺的作用。现阶段党和国家也高度重视和支持新乡贤参与乡村治理。通过对新乡贤与传统乡贤在乡村治理中的多维比较分析发现,两者在治村的诸多方面存在显著差异。在治村背景方面,传统乡贤以“双轨政治”为时代背景,而“协同共治”是新乡贤参与乡村治理的突出特点;在择取条件方面,传统乡贤功名与贤德共重,现代社会的新乡贤则弱化功名,更加注重贤德以及治村能力;在组织基础方面,传统乡贤主要依靠传统乡村社会中自发形成的自治组织进行乡村治理,新乡贤则主要通过乡贤理事会、乡贤参事会等参事议事机构参与乡村治理;在角色定位方面,传统乡贤是封建社会乡村治理的“主导者”,新乡贤则是现代社会乡村治理的“协同者”;在治村功能方面,传统乡贤衔接国家与乡村社会,并争取乡村社会处于无讼状态,新乡贤则以引领乡风文明作为首要功能;在治村方式方面,传统乡贤以礼治为本,形成“礼治秩序”,新乡贤坚持德治为先,并积极嵌入村民自治和乡村法治。因此,新乡贤对比传统乡贤在多个结构要素上发生了质的变化,绝不是传统乡贤的现代回归。在国家政策大力支持下,新乡贤在乡村振兴战略中促进治理有效大有可为。

The governance of villages by rural sage is not only the epitome of the historical evolution of rural governance in the traditional period of China,but also plays an indispensable role in modern rural governance.At the present stage,the CPC and the state also attach great importance to and support the participation of the new rural sage in rural governance.Through multidimensional comparative analysis of new and traditional rural sage in rural governance,it is found that there are significant differences between them in many aspects of village governance.In terms of the background of village governance,the traditional rural sage took“double-track politics”as the background of the times,while“co-governance”is a prominent feature of the new rural sage participating in village governance;In terms of selecting conditions,the traditional rural sage valued merit and virtue together,while the new rural sage in modern society weakens merit and pays more attention to virtue and village governance;In terms of organizational basis,the traditional rural sage mainly relied on autonomous organizations formed spontaneously in traditional rural society for rural governance,while the new rural sage mainly participates in rural governance through the council of rural sage and so on;In terms of role orientation,traditional rural sage was the“dominant leader”of rural governance in feudal society,while the new rural sage is the“coordinator”of rural governance in modern society;In terms of village governance function,traditional rural sage connected the country with the rural society and strived for the non-litigate status of the rural society,but the new rural sage takes leading the rural civilization as the primary function;In terms of the way of governing the village,traditional rural sage took the rule of etiquette as the foundation and form the“rule of etiquette”,while the new rural sage adheres to the rule of virtue as the first priority and actively embeds villagers'autonomy and rural rule of law.Therefore,compared with the traditional one,the new sage has undergone qualitative changes in many structural elements,which is by no means the modern return of the traditional sage.With the strong support of national policies,the new rural sage has great potential in promoting effective governance in the rural revitalization strategy.