从《道光十八年冠船付评价方日记》看评价贸易——以告示、禀文、批示、札、单、甘结、领状等文书分析为中心

A Study of“Evaluation Trade”Based on[WTBX]A Diary of Crown Ships’Evaluator in the 18 th Year of Emperor Daoguang

明清时期对琉球王国的册封,从永乐二年(1404)至同治五年(1866),长达462年共计24次。册封派遣的头号船、二号船,在琉球被称为“冠船”,册封使节及随行可携带一定物品充当压舱物,因此许多人将货物带进琉球,并以高价卖出。琉球为此临时设置管理贸易的评价方(司),为商品定价,王府将此业务称为“评价”,此项贸易称为“评价贸易”或“冠船贸易”。然而,在商定价格时,双方常相持不下。本文就道光十八年(1838)赴琉册封使(正使林鸿年、副使高人鉴)一行的评价贸易,参考台湾大学收藏《冠船付评价方日记》,对当时的实际状况进行分析。

For over 460 years,investiture envoys were sent to Ryukyu by China to crown and legitimize the King of Ryukyu as a subordinate to the Chinese Emperor.The No.1 and No.2 Ships in the investiture mission were known as“Crown Ships”.Envoys could bring a number of goods as ballast which could be sold at a high price in Ryukyu.A temporary trade administration was established by the Kingdom of Ryukyu to evaluate the trade cargos,hence the trade was called“evaluation trade”or“crown-ship trade”.This article analyzes both historical records and the actual situation about evaluation trade of the investiture mission in 1838(the 18th year of Emperor Daoguang).