行政罚款设定方式研究

Research on the Methods for Setting Administrative Fines

我国现行有效的法律和行政法规中关于行政罚款的设定方式主要有概括式、数值式、倍率式等三种。其中,区间数值式使用频率最高,其次为区间倍率式。这些设定方式在一定程度上影响了行政罚款目的的实现和功能的发挥。理论上,行政罚款具有惩罚和预防双重目的。在行政罚款设定阶段,预防目的应居于主导地位;在行政罚款裁量阶段,则侧重于惩罚目的的实现。行政罚款的设定应当考虑潜在违法者的预期违法收益、违法行为可能造成的损害、执法概率、边际威慑以及规范行政裁量权等因素。优化行政罚款的设定,应当减少概括式,取消定额罚,优先选择区间倍率式,科学选定区间倍率式的罚款基数,并明确区间数值式的辅助地位。

There are three main methods for setting administrative fines in China’s current effective laws and administrative regulations: generalized, numerical, and multiplier. Among them, the interval numerical formula is the most frequently used method, followed by the interval magnification formula. To some extent, these setting methods have affected the realization of the purpose and function of administrative fines. In theory, administrative fines have dual purposes of punishment and prevention. In the stage of setting administrative fines, the purpose of prevention should be dominant;in the stage of adjudicating administrative fines, it should focus on the realization of the purpose of punishment. The setting of administrative fines should consider factors such as the expected illegal benefits of potential offenders, possible damages caused by illegal acts, law enforcement probability, marginal deterrence, and regulated administrative discretion. The general formula should be reduced, the fixed penalty should be abolished, the interval magnification formula should be preferred, the penalty base of the interval magnification formula should be set scientifically, and the auxiliary status of the interval numerical formula should be clarified.