俄罗斯畜禽养殖业普查数据的解析与启示

Analysis and Implication of Census Data of Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry in Russia

农业普查是一个国家对于本国农业发展现状和水平最客观直接的展现。二次世界大战之后苏联基于本国优越的自然条件大力发展畜牧业,苏联时期的畜牧业养殖无论是规模和水平都位居世界前列。90年代初随着苏联的解体,国内经济发展停滞不前,这也影响到了本国畜牧业发展。进入21世纪俄罗斯对本国农业现状进行了全俄第二次农业普查,以俄罗斯第二次农业普查数据为基础对俄国畜禽养殖业进行研究,可以看出俄罗斯的畜牧业在苏联时期规模庞大且体系完整。但进入21世纪后,有一定程度的下降,特别是在牛、猪、羊及禽类等主要畜禽养殖上,俄罗斯每年有相当大比例的休作养殖场。俄罗斯休作农场的产生是一个非常复杂的问题,这与俄罗斯的政治、经济、农业政策及环境保护息息相关,有待进一步地调查和研究。但从中我们可以得出俄罗斯近几年畜牧业经营中所特有的一些现象和规律,这对我国农业供给侧改革特别是畜牧业的发展有重要的借鉴和启示作用。同时这些数据表明在畜牧业上中俄有着很大的合作空间及潜力。

Agricultural census is the most objective and direct manifestation of a country’s agricultural development status and level.After World War II,the Soviet Union strived to develop animal husbandry based on its superior natural conditions.The scale and level of animal husbandry in the Soviet Union are at the forefront of the world.With the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990 s,domestic economic development stagnated,which also exerted the negative impact on the development of domestic animal husbandry.After interring the 21 st century,Russia implemented the Second National Agricultural Census to systematically investigate the agricultural status.Based on the data of the Second National Agricultural Census of Russia,this paper conducted a study on the livestock and poultry breeding industry in Russia.It can be founded that the scale of animal husbandry is huge and its system is also complete.However,after entering the 21 st century,there has been a decline to a certain extent,especially in cattle,pigs,sheep,poultry and other major livestock and poultry breeding,and there were a large proportion of the annual fallow farms in Russia.The origin of fallow farm was a very complicated problem,which is closely related to the political,economic,agricultural policy and environmental protection in Russia,and it remains for further investigation and research.However,we can draw some special phenomena and rules of animal husbandry operation in Russia in recent years,which can be an important reference and inspiration for China’s agricultural supply-side reform,especially the development of animal husbandry.At the same time,these data shows that China and Russia have great cooperation space and potential in animal husbandry.