论国家管辖范围外海洋遗传资源的惠益分享制度

The Benefit-sharing Mechanism of Marine Genetic Resources beyond National Jurisdiction

国家管辖范围外海洋遗传资源的惠益分享制度是当前国际海洋立法中的焦点问题。确立惠益分享制度,需要平衡和协调其与公海自由原则、各国海洋管辖权、国际海洋渔业的关系,同时也要面对国家间运用海洋遗传资源能力的巨大差异。在惠益分享制度谈判过程中,关于分享的主体、范围与模式的分歧最大。在模式选择上,国际海底区域矿产资源开发模式和海洋科学研究模式各自有其缺陷,不能完全照搬。人类共同继承财产原则因其财产表述与经济实践难以为惠益分享制度确立价值基础,有必要对其进行扬弃。以海洋命运共同体理念作为惠益分享的指导原则和价值遵循,在具体制度设计中具有纲举目张的效果,是更优的选择。

The benefit-sharing mechanism of marine genetic resources beyond national jurisdiction is the focus of current international marine legislation.Establishing a benefit-sharing mechanism requires balancing and coordinating its relationship with the principles of the freedom of the high seas,the maritime sovereignty of States,and international marine fisheries.At the same time,it also needs to face the huge gap in the ability of countries to use marine genetic resources.In the design process,three aspects are most controvertial,namely the subject,the scope and the form of sharing.In terms of model selection,there are inherent defects of the modes of International Seabed Authority and the marine scientific research,which cannot be completely copied.The principle of Common Heritage of Mankind is difficult to establish a value basis for the benefit-sharing mechanism because of its property expression and economic practice,thus it is necessary to be reviewed and corrected.In this regard,the term“Maritime Community with a Shared Future”,as a guiding principle and value basis for benefit sharing,should be a better choice.