地理环境对清代疫灾空间分异格局的影响

Influence of geographical environment on spatial distribution pattern of epidemic disasters in Qing dynasty

清代疫灾的大规模流行是自然环境与社会环境综合作用的结果,其中自然地理环境对疫灾分布具有重要影响。综合运用GIS空间分析、地理探测器、SPSS相关分析等方法,探讨地理环境对清代疫灾分布的影响,得到以下结论:1)通过地理探测器分析方法,并参考相关系数,考察不同地理环境因素对清代疫灾分布的影响强度,选取排序前4位的河网密度(96.17%)、年均气温(89.96%)、年降水量(78.98%)、海拔高程(68.44%)作为主要影响因素。2)中国南热北冷的气温梯度、南多北少的降水格局、东低西高的地形特征、东密西疏的河网密度,都对清代疫灾的空间分异产生重要影响,使得疫灾"暖池效应、水窝效应、洼地效应、濒水效应"的作用更加深刻,为疫灾分异格局的形成定下先声。3)地理环境为清代疫灾空间分异格局的形成营造了宏观环境背景,主要环境因素与疫灾分布均具有相关性(P=0.01),对疫灾分布的解释量由高到低分别为:海拔高程(4.73%)、河网密度(1.62%)、年均气温(1.46%)、年降水量(0.13%)。

The large-scale epidemic disasters in Qing dynasty was the results of the comprehensive effect of natural environment and social environment.In which the natural geographical environment had an important influence on the distribution of epidemic disasters.By using the methods of GIS spatial analysis,geographical detector and SPSS correlation analysis,we discussed the influence of geographical environment on the distribution of epidemic disasters in Qing dynasty,and drawn the following conclusions:①By using the method of geographical detector analysis and referring to the correlation coefficient,the influence intensity of different geographical environment factors on the distribution of epidemic disasters in Qing dynasty was investigated,and the top 4 factors:river network density(96.17%),annual average temperature(89.96),annual precipitation(78.98%),altitude(68.44%)were selected as the main factors.②The temperature gradient from hot in south to cold in north of China,the pattern of more precipitation in the south and less in the north,the topographic characteristics of low in the east and high in the west,and the density of river network high in the east and sparse in west all had important impacts on the spatial differentiation of epidemic disasters in the Qing dynasty,which made the effect of"warm pool effect,water nest effect,depression effect,and near water effect"of epidemic disasters more profound,and set a precedent for the formation of the pattern of differentiation of epidemic disasters.③The geographical environment created a macro environmental background for the formation of the spatial differentiation pattern of epidemic disasters in Qing dynasty.The main environmental factors were all related to the distribution of epidemic disasters(P=0.01).The explanations for the distribution of epidemic disasters were as follows:elevation(4.73%),river network density(1.62%),annual average temperature(1.46%),annual precipitation(0.13%).