家进社退,还是社进家退?——家庭与社会长期照护的沿革与协调发展

Home Retreat or Society Retreat?——On the Evolution and Coordinated Development of Long-term Care for Families and Society

长期以来,我国失能老人的长期照护责任在家庭与社会之间呈现了不同的结合方式。这一照护形式的形成过程高度拟合了社会学关于传统家庭与社会理念变革的阐述,呈现“家本位”→“去家庭化”→重返“家庭化”的发展趋势。不同历史背景下家庭承担失能老人长期照护责任的方式不断改变,家庭、社区、机构三方协作的失能照护服务体系得以逐渐形成。虽然家庭在我国的主导照护地位没有改变,但伴随社会化因素的加入,二者之间的衔接出现家庭照护功能弱化与社会发展速度不一、家庭照护政策支持不够、专业性不强等问题,基于此提出建议:引导社会照护体系发展、加大家庭照护政策倾斜、完善专业护理人员培养机制。

For a long time,the long-term care responsibilities of disabled elderly in my country have shown different ways of combining between family and society.The formation process of this form of care highly fits the exposition of sociology on the transformation of traditional family and social ideas,presenting the development trend of"home standard"→"de-family"→return to"family".From the perspectives of practice and policy,this article sorts out the ways in which families assume the long-term care responsibilities of disabled elderly people under different historical backgrounds,and the process of forming a disability care service system in which the family,community,and institution collaborate.It was found that although the family’s leading care position in China has not changed,with the addition of social factors,the connection between the two has weakened the family care function and the social development rate is not the same,the family care policy support is insufficient,the professionalism is not strong,etc.Based on this,some suggestions are given,including guiding the development of the social care system,improving family care policy preferences,and professional nursing staff training mechanisms.