我国行政诉讼中的预防性保护

Preventive Protection Mechanisms in Administrative Litigation in China

行政诉讼中的预防性保护措施旨在为行政相对人提供富有实效性的司法保护。我国行政诉讼法及其司法解释中规定的行政行为停止执行、先予执行、财产保全、行为保全四种制度措施具有预防性保护功能。不过,相关规定着眼于维护公共利益与保障行政相对人权益的双重目的,集监督行政机关依法行政、保障行政行为的目的顺利实现、防止行政相对人权益遭受不可弥补的损害三重功能于一身,且立法没有针对上述不同功能配给不同规则,各项措施的申请程序不完善、裁量要件不完整,导致预防性保护功能在司法实践中未能得到充分发挥。建议在未来修法时,对具有预防性保护功能的制度措施加以整合,进一步明确相关裁量要件与审查模式,细化审查程序、增加上诉程序,以更好地满足行政相对人获得预防性保护的需求。

In administrative litigation,the preventive protection mechanism aims to provide effective judicial protection to administrative counterparts.The Chinese Administrative Litigation Law and relevant judicial interpretations currently provide four institutional measures with the function of preventive protection,namely the stay of execution,advance execution,property preservation,and behavior preservation.However,these preventive protection mechanisms have not played an important role in judicial practices because the relevant provisions have the dual purposes of safeguarding public interests and protecting individual interests and the triple functions of supervising administrative organs in administration by law,ensuring the smooth realization of administrative actions,and protecting the rights and interests of administrative counterparts from irreparable damages.Furthermore,no differentiated legal rules have been stipulated for these different functions,the application procedures for different measures are not well laid down,and the constructive elements of discretion prescribed in law are incomplete.All these factors have further reduced the effectiveness of preventive protection mechanisms.It is suggested that,in the future revision of the Administrative Litigation Law,China should integrate various institutional measures for preventive protection,further clarify the constructive elements of discretion and the corresponding models of judicial review,refine the procedures of judicial review and introduce an appeal procedure,so as to better satisfy the need of administrative counterparts for preventive protection.