涉罪财产责令退赔与民事诉讼关系之反思与抉择

The Relationship Between the Order of Restitution of or Compensation for Crime-related Property and Civil Action:Reflections and Choices

针对犯罪人非法占有、处置被害人财产所造成的损失,在无法追缴或无法全部追缴犯罪所得的情况下,责令退赔成为对被害人的救济方式;在被赋予强制执行效力后,责令退赔曾经一度绝对地排斥被害人另行提起民事诉讼。最高人民法院发布第九次《全国法院民商事审判工作会议纪要》对此进行纠偏,列举出刑事诉讼程序之外同时可以提起民事诉讼的例外情形。不过,这种“就事论事”式的补救并没有触及到“民刑实体关系”这一根本问题。本质而言,责令退赔所要处理的是犯罪人与被害人这一对平等主体之间的合法财产移转问题。这种合法财产移转应以给付行为和请求权作为其理论基础,而民事诉讼与请求权之间存在天然关系,是给付行为的根本保障。由此,责令退赔就“无权”排斥被害人提起民事诉讼。责令退赔以公权力将民刑关系简单“捆绑”,造成刑事追诉与被害人财产损失救济的功能混同,违背合法财产移转的基本法理。只有将责令退赔定位为被害人自愿同意下的便捷程序,并赋予被害人程序选择权,才能有条件地排斥被害人另行提起民事诉讼,进而从根本上理顺责令退赔制度下的民刑关系,实现责令退赔与民事诉讼之间的协调。

In view of the loss caused by the criminal’s illegal possession and disposal of the victim’s property,when the proceeds of a crime cannot be recovered in whole or in part,an order of restitution or compensation becomes a remedy for the victim.When given the force of compulsory enforcement,the order of restitution or compensation once absolutely excluded the filing of another civil action by victim.The Minutes of the National Courts’Civil and Commercial Trial Work Conference rectifies this deviation by listing the exceptional circumstances in which civil action can be filed concurrent with and outside of criminal proceedings.However,this kind of“matter-of-fact”remedy does not touch the fundamental problem of“civil-criminal entity relationship”.In essence,the order of restitution or compensation deals with the transfer of legal property between two equal parties-the criminal and the victim.This kind of legal transfer of property should take the act of performance and the right of claim as its theoretical basis,while the natural relationship between civil action and the right of claim is the fundamental guarantee of the act of performance.In this sense,the order of restitution or compensation“has no power”to exclude the right of the victim to bring a civil action.The simply“bundling”civil and criminal relations together through the exercise of public power results in the confusion of the function of criminal prosecution and the remedy for victim’s property loss,thus going against the basic principle of legal property transfer.Only by positioning the order of restitution or compensation as a convenient procedure with the victim’s voluntary consent and by giving the victim the right to choose the procedure,can the victim’s right to bring a separate civil action be conditionally excluded,so that the civil-criminal relationship under the system of order of restitution or compensation can be fundamentally straightened out and the coordination between the order of restitution or compensation and civil action can be realized.