U型腔道式水稻精量穴播排种器设计与试验

Design and Experiment of U-shaped Cavity Type Precision Hill-drop Seed-metering Device for Rice

为适应常规水稻轻简化精量穴直播种植,通过简化排种装置,设计了一种U型腔道式水稻精量穴播排种器。基于稻种的物理机械特性与穴直播农艺要求,设计了一种充种口与投种口分开但相通的腔道式排种盘,构建了稻种充种、投种过程的力学模型,确定了排种盘的主要结构参数。以常规稻品种“黄华占”为试验稻种,借助高速摄像仪和JPS12型排种器性能检测试验台,分别进行了型孔数、型孔长度、型孔宽度、型孔倾角和投种角对排种器精量排种性能和成穴播种性能影响的试验研究。高速摄像试验表明:当排种盘的型孔数为20、型孔长度为10.6 mm、型孔宽度为7.6 mm、型孔倾角为0°时,排种器精量排种性能较优,此时漏播率为0.40%,合格率为94.00%,重播率为5.60%,种子破损率为0.13%。排种器性能台架试验表明:投种角对穴径平均值和穴径合格率影响极显著,对穴距变异系数影响显著,适宜的投种角为28°~33°,此时穴径平均值不高于27.14 mm,穴径合格率不低于96.67%,穴距平均值在理论穴距140 mm左右,穴距变异系数不大于7.80%。田间试验表明:排种器的播种合格率为90.28%,漏播率为0.83%,重播率为8.89%,穴径平均值为46.71 mm,穴径合格率为71.67%,穴距平均值为137.21 mm,穴距变异系数为12.64%,满足常规稻大田精量穴直播的种植要求。

In order to adapt simplification precision hill-drop seeding for conventional rice and simplify the seed-metering device,a unique U-shaped cavity type precision hill-drop seed-metering device for rice was designed.Based on the mechanical characteristics of rice seeds and its agronomy requirements of hill-drop seeding,a cavity type seeding plate was put forward,which characterized with seed-dropping orifice and seed-filling orifice connected by the cavity,the mechanical models of the process of seed filling and dropping were constructed,and the main structural parameters of the seeding plate were determined.The seeding objects was“Huanghuazhan”(conventional rice),experimental studies were respectively carried out on the effects of the number,length,width and inclination of the seed-filling orifice and seed-dropping angle on the seeding performance of precision and hill-drop of the seed-metering device by means of high-speed camera and JPS12 type seed-metering device performance test bench.High-speed camera test results indicated that the precision seeding performance of the seed-metering device was better when the number,length,width and inclination of the seed-filling orifice were 20,10.6 mm,7.6 mm and 0 degree,respectively.Correspondingly,the miss-seeding rate(less than 3 seeds per hole),qualified rate(3~8 seeds per hole),reseeding rate(more than 8 seeds per hole)and seed damage rate were 0.40%,94.00%,5.60%and 0.13%,respectively.JPS12 type seed-metering device performance bench test results indicated that the seed-dropping angle very significantly affected the average value and qualified rate of hole diameter,and significantly affected the variation coefficient of hole distance.The suitable seed-dropping angle of seed-metering device was 28°~33°.Under the above range of seed-dropping angle,all the average hole diameter were not more than 27.14 mm,all the qualified rate of hole diameter were not less than 96.67%,all the average hole distances were about 140 mm,and all the variation coefficient of hole distance were not more than 7.80%.The results of field experiment showed that the qualified rate,miss-seeding rate and reseeding rate were 90.28%,0.83%and 8.89%,respectively.And the average hole diameter of 46.71 mm,qualified rate of hole diameter of 71.67%,average hole distance of 137.21 mm and variation coefficient of hole distance of 12.64%were found in the field experiment.All the sowing performance satisfied the general precision direct hill-drop seeding requirement of conventional rice in field.The research result provided a theoretical reference for the simplification design of the mechanical seed-metering device.