交易费用理论视角的中国农村土地信托模式研究

Study of China’s Rural Land Trust Model from the Perspective of Transaction Cost Theory

农村土地"三权分置"改革框架下,土地信托成为土地承包经营权流转的一种创新形式。基于交易费用视角,土地信托本质上是一种将农民所拥有的土地承包经营权金融化的交易关系,是土地管理制度创新和金融制度创新相结合的产物。我国各地改革实践中形成的土地信托的不同模式恰恰体现出方案设计中最小化交易费用的特征。鉴于此,本文以影响交易费用的两大关键要素——资产专用性和不确定性作为核心变量,结合公共治理理论,最终构建一个理论框架,归纳出四种土地信托的治理结构,并选取中信信托·安徽宿州项目、北京信托·无锡阳山项目和北京信托·安徽铜陵项目三个代表性案例进行分析,为政府、金融机构和各类村集体组织优化土地信托方案、推动乡村振兴提供了政策依据。本文可能的贡献在于:(1)将新制度经济学理论与公共治理理论相结合,为我国土地信托模式研究提供了一个新的分析思路和理论框架;(2)概括了中国特色土地信托的四种治理结构,将多样化的模式进一步抽象为不同特点的交易关系,由点及面,从跨学科视角研究了土地信托呈现的农村公共治理问题;(3)透过三个土地信托的案例,探讨了新时代乡村振兴背景下农村公共治理中政府、农户和企业三者的定位和相互联系。

Under the framework of the reform of rural land"division of three rights",land trust has become an innovative form of land contractual management rights transfer.As a combination of land management system innovation and financial system innovation,land trust is essentially a transactional relationship that financializes the land contractual management rights owned by farmers based on the concept of transaction costs,and the various modes of land trust formed in China’s reform practice reflect the characteristics of minimizing transaction costs in the trust scheme design.This paper takes the two key factors affecting transaction costs,i.e.,asset specificity and uncertainty as the core variables,combined with public governance theory,and finally constructs a theoretical framework and sums up the governance structure of four kinds of land trusts.Then it selects three representative cases of CITIC Trust-Anhui Suzhou Project,Beijing Trust-Wuxi Yangshan Project and Beijing Trust-Anhui Tongling Project for analysis,and thus provides a policy basis for local governments,financial institutions and various village collective organizations to optimize land trust programs and promote rural revitalization.This paper has three possible contributions.First,it combines the theory of new institutional economics with the theory of public governance,and provides a new analytical thinking and theoretical framework for the study of China’s land trust model.Second,it summarizes the four governance structures of land trusts with Chinese characteristics,further categorizes the diversified models into trading relationships with different characteristics,and studies the rural public governance problems presented by land trusts from an interdisciplinary perspective.Third,Through the case study of three land trusts,this paper discusses the positioning and interconnection of government,peasant and enterprise in rural public governance in the context of rural revitalization in the New Era.