从《史记·货殖列传》看企业家精神在早期经济活动中的表现

On the Performance of Entrepreneurship in Early Economic Activities in Huo Zhi Biography of Historical Records

企业家精神主要指创造力和社会责任感。《货殖列传》记述的蜀卓氏之先、程郑、刀间、乌氏倮和寡妇清创业的事迹中,蕴含着企业家的创新精神;在任氏、无盐氏、桥姚、猗顿、郭纵、宛孔氏之先、曹邴氏等人的商业实践中,体现着企业家的冒险精神;从秦扬、田叔、桓发、乐成、雍伯等人的致富行为中,表现出企业家的敬业精神;而范蠡、白圭、子贡和卜式等人,则彰显出早期优秀企业家的担当精神。《货殖列传》记叙了约400年的商业发展历史,至汉武帝,在取得思想上的统一后,又通过算缗、铸造五铢钱、盐铁专卖和平准等政策,取得经济上的官方绝对垄断权。此后,早期企业家生存的思想和商业环境不复存在,企业家精神也就逐渐消退了。

Entrepreneurship mainly refers to creativity and social responsibility.The achievements of Shuzhuo’s forefathers,Cheng Zheng,Dao Jian and Wuzhi Luo and Widow Qing in Historical Records presented the innovation spirit of entrepreneurs.In the commercial practices of the Rens,the Wenyans,Qiao Yao,Yi Dun,Guo Zong,Wankong’s forefathers,the Caobings,the entrepreneurial spirit of risk-taking was reflected.From the perspective of achieving prosperity of Qin Yang,Tian Shu,Huan Fa,Le Cheng,Yongbo,it shows the entrepreneur’s professional spirit;Fan Li,Bai Gui,Zi Gong and Bu Shi show the spirit of responsibility of early outstanding entrepreneurs.Huo Zhi Biography of Historical Records depicts the commercial development of about four hundred years.To Emperor Hanwu,as the ideological unity achieved,by taxation,minting coins of Wuzhu,the monopoly of trading salt and iron and other policies,the government had the absolute monopoly in the economy.Since then,the business environment for the early entrepreneurs no longer existed,and the entrepreneurial spirit has naturally faded away.