马克思主义在中国早期传播的思想取向和镜像表达——基于对《理想社会主义与实行社会主义》的文本考察

Ideological Orientation and Mirror Image in the early Spread of Marxism in China——An Analysis of Idealistic Socialism and Practical Socialism

1912年发表的《理想社会主义与实行社会主义》是马克思主义经典文本在中国早期传播较为完整的译本,是恩格斯的著作《社会主义从空想到科学的发展》在中国的第一次译介,在马克思主义中国早期传播史上具有特殊的地位。作为一部"译述"作品,译者翻译《理想社会主义与实行社会主义》的目的是借马克思主义文本传达自己的政治观点,因此译者基于自身小资产阶级的立场对原文进行了阶级立场的改造,使得这部作品最终呈现出的是一个扭曲的因而是镜像化了的马克思主义,即译者理想的"中人社会主义"。这表明,马克思主义在中国的传播从一开始就并非公式化的套用,而是传播主体有意识地把马克思主义原理同中国实际相结合的尝试。虽然这种尝试被历史证明是失败的,但前人的经验教训为日后马克思主义中国化提供了方法论启示。

Idealistic Socialism and Practical Socialism, published in 1912, is the earliest relatively complete translation of Marxist classic works in China, as well as the first Chinese version of Engels’ Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, which has a breaking significance in the early spreading of Marxism in China. As an interpretation work, Idealistic Socialism and Practical Socialism contains a lot of translator’s own thoughts. Based on his pettybourgeois class position, Shi Renrong transformed the original Marxism theory into his own "Bourgeois Socialism", making the translation text presents a mirror image of Marxism. This fact shows that the spread of Marxism in China was not a formulaic application from the beginning, but a conscious attempt to integrate Marxist principles with Chinese reality. While Shi Renrong’s attempt has proved to unsuccessful historically, but the lessons of such attempts have gone before provide methodological insights for later practice of Marxist Sinicization.