我国首次自主火星探测任务中环绕器的研制与实践

Development and Practice of the Orbiter in China’s First Mars Exploration Mission

火星探测是国际深空探测的重点和热点,2020年,中国、美国、阿联酋的火星探测器相继发射升空。我国的首颗自主火星探测器——"天问一号"由环绕器、着陆巡视器组成,将一步实现火星的"绕、着、巡"。其中,火星环绕器作为探测器的核心组成部分,承载着地火转移、制动捕获、离轨分离、中继通信以及环火科学探测等重要任务。本文简要回顾了我国火星环绕器的研制历程,介绍了环绕器的基本方案,分析了研制过程中的技术难点和关键技术攻关情况,指出了未来技术发展方向,提出了构建通用化环绕平台的构想,为后期的深空探测任务提供参考。

Mars exploration is a focus and hot spot of the international deep exploration.In 2020,Mars probes from China,the United States,and the United Arab Emirates were launched one by one.The first autonomous Mars probe in China,Tianwen-1,is composed of an orbiter and a landing rover.It will realize the"surrounding,landing,and patrolling"of Mars in one step.The Mars orbiter,as the core component of the probe,carries such important missions as Earth-Mars transfer,brake capture,relay communication,and scientific exploration.In this paper,the development process of China’s Mars orbiter is briefly reviewed,the basic scheme of the orbiter is introduced,the technical difficulties and key technologies in the development process are analyzed.Besides,the future direction of technology development is pointed out,and the idea of constructing a general orbiter platform is put forward,which provides reference for future deep space exploration missions.