民法典姓名权制度的解释论

On the Interpretation of the System of Name Rights in the Civil Code

姓名具有符号特征,自然人本名以及本名之外与自身存在稳定对应关系的称呼都属姓名权这一基本人格权的保护范畴;“具有一定社会知名度”是判断“存在稳定对应关系”的标准,其包含了“为相关公众所知悉”的内涵。姓名兼具经济权益和精神性利益,故自然人死后其姓名利益仍应受法律保护。自然人行使姓名权,行政机关原则上应尊重自然人的选择权,并以社会公共利益、社会公序良俗作为考量标准,对此予以个案把握。其中,姓氏选择应当尊重家族意志,当存在民间习惯的情况下宜允许成年人自行更换姓氏,从而回应随夫姓等实践情况;未成年子女的姓名变更应当遵循未成年人利益最大化原则,不宜恪守离异夫妻必须经双方同意才能变更未成年子女姓氏的立场;特别法或未来的司法解释宜就姓名长度、变更次数等加以明确规定,并完善人格权的侵权规范,从而形成人格权保护的完整规范体系,进一步实现体系化。

Name has symbolic features.A natural person's real name and other titles that have a stable correspondence with himself are within range of protection of the basic personality right of name rights;"Having a certain social reputation"is thecriterion for judging"the existence of a stable corresponding relationship",which contains connotation of"being known by the relevant public".Name has both economic and spiritual interests,so the interests of a natural person's name should still be protected by the law after his death.When a natural person exercises the name right,the administration should,in principle,respect the natural person's choice,and take the social public interest,social order,and good customs as the criteria for consideration,to resolve the case.Among them,the choice of surname should respect the will of the family,but under the existence of folk custom,adults should be allowed to change their surnames on their own,so as to respond to the practice of adopting the husband's surname;The change of underage children's names should follow the principle of maximizing the interests of them,and it is not advisable to abide by the position strictly that divorced couples must obtain mutual consent before changing their children's surnames.Special acts or future judicial interpretations should stipulate the length of name,the time of change and so on,and improve the infringement regulations of personality rights,so as to form a complete normative system for the protection of it and further realize systemization.