长期秸秆配施化肥对土壤养分及小麦产量、品质的影响

Effects of long-term straw and fertilizer combined application on soil nutrient,wheat yield and quality

以40年长期定位试验为平台,系统分析了不同施肥处理对暗棕壤土壤碳氮磷含量和小麦产量及品质的影响,为探讨长期施用秸秆条件下土壤肥力演变规律提供理论依据。试验设4个处理,分别为单施化肥(NP)、秸秆配施化肥(S+NP)、秸秆配施1/2化肥(S+1/2NP)、秸秆配施1/4化肥(S+1/4NP),其中秸秆为隔年麦秸还田,用量为3 000 kg/hm^2,化肥N、P用量为N 150 kg/hm^2、P2O5 150 kg/hm^2。结果表明:1)与NP处理相比,秸秆配施化肥处理(S+NP)显著增加了0~20 cm土壤有机碳含量和有效磷含量;秸秆还田条件下,S+1/2NP和S+1/4NP处理0~20 cm土壤中碳氮磷含量均低于S+NP处理,而对于20~40、40~60 cm土层养分含量差异表现不一致。2)不同施肥处理对春小麦产量及其构成因素有显著的影响,各施肥处理综合表现为:S+NP>NP>S+1/2NP>S+1/4NP,即以S+NP处理春小麦产量最高;不同施肥处理对春小麦籽粒容重、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、吸水率、延伸率和拉伸面积等品质指标影响不显著。综合分析各处理,结果表明:S+NP处理(即在秸秆还田条件下,施用N 150 kg/hm^2、P2O5 150 kg/hm^2)相对其他处理,其保障小麦产量和提升(或维持)土壤肥力的效果最佳。

Based on a 40-year long-term experiment,the effects of different fertilization treatments on the contents of carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus in black brown soil,and wheat yield and quality are systematically analyzed,to provide a theoretical basis for exploring the evolution of soil fertility under long-term application of straw.The experiment is conducted with 4 treatments:pure chemical fertilizer(NP),straw with chemical fertilizer(S+NP),straw with 1/2 chemical fertilizer(S+1/2NP),and straw with 1/4 chemical fertilizer(S+1/4NP),of which straw is returned from the last year wheat field,the amount is 3000 kg/hm2,chemical fertilizer NP is pure N 150 kg/hm^2,P2O5150 kg/hm^2.The results show that:1)compared with NP treatment,S+NP treatment significantly increases the organic carbon content,and available phosphorus content of 0~20 cm soil.Under S+1/2NP and S+1/4NP treatments,the contents of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in the 0~20 cm are lower than those of S+NP treatment,while the difference in nutrient content of 20~40 and 40~60 cm soil layer is not significant.2)Different fertilization treatments have significant effects on spring wheat yield and its component factors.The comprehensive performance of each fertilization treatment is as follows:S+NP>NP>S+1/2NP>S+1/4NP,that is,the highest yield of spring wheat grain with S+NP;different fertilization treatments have no significant effects on quality indicators such as bulk density,protein content,wet gluten content,water absorption,elongation and stretch area of spring wheat.Comprehensive analysis of the processing result to S+NP treatment under the condition of straw returned,that is,under the condition of straw return,the application of pure N 150 kg/hm^2,P2O5150 kg/hm^2,compared with other treatments,has the best effect of maintaining wheat yield and alleviating the decline of soil fertility.