知识的本质与德性知识论——以“原因”关系消解两类认知运气

The Nature of Knowledge and Virtue Epistemology:Eliminating the Two Kinds of Epistemic Luck by the“Because”Relation

在盖梯尔问题产生以来,传统的知识界定受到了极大挑战,形成了"知识的本质"问题。德性知识论相较于其他的知识论进路,对知识的本质问题有更强的说服力。它将"认知运气"视作问题产生的直接原因,而"辩护"成分与"真理"成分之间的"独立"则是根本原因。笔者认为,"认知运气"主要包括干扰性的和环境性的运气类型,德性论者强调在认知德性与真理二者间建立强的解释性关系,即"原因"关系,不仅可以有效地消解两类认知运气,也可以很好地排除"独立"问题。由此,我们得到的知识定义是,知识是产生自理智德性的真信念。

Since the Gettier’s problem has proposed,the traditional definition of knowledge has been challenged in some significant degree,and formed the"nature of knowledge"problem.Compared to other epistemological approaches,virtue epistemology has a more stronger persuasion on the nature problem.It regards"epistemic luck"as the direct cause of the problem,while the"gap"between justification and true belief is the primary cause.I point out that"epistemic luck"mainly included two kinds of intervening and environmental.Virtue theorists stressed on that it should build a robust causal relation between epistemic virtue and truth—"because"relation,which can not only validly eliminate the two types of epistemic luck,but also appropriately solve the"independence"problem.In conclusion,we get the definition of knowledge as a true belief arises from intellectual virtues.