《民法典》中合同解释规则的修正及其司法适用

The Amendment and Judicial Application of Contract Interpretation Rules in Civil Code

根据客观主义、民商合一、意思自治等理论,《民法典》对《合同法》中的合同解释规则进行了多处重大修正。其不仅改变了合同解释的目标追求,还明确了合同解释规则的适用次序,增加了合同性质解释规则,并且对不同文本合同的解释采用综合解释方式。在适用文义解释规则时,通过细化合同文义矛盾时的具体解释规则,在合同文义不清时运用其他解释规则,严格区分合同解释与法律适用的关系等,可以达至合同解释的真正目的。《民法典》确立文义解释优先,兼顾体系解释、性质解释、目的解释、习惯解释和诚信解释的合同解释规则,对于保障和促进市场交易、限制法官的自由裁量权、统一司法裁判规则、维护司法公正与权威,具有十分重要的理论和实践意义。

According to the theories of objectivism,civil and commercial integration and autonomy of will,the Civil Code has made several major amendments to the contract interpretation rules in the contract law.It not only changes the goal of contract interpretation,but also clarifies the applicable order of contract interpretation rules.It adds the interpretation rules of contract nature,and adopts comprehensive interpretation mode for different text contracts.In the application of the interpretation rules,the real purpose of contract interpretation can be achieved by refining the specific interpretation rules for the contradiction between the text and meaning of the contract,using other interpretation rules when the meaning of the contract is not clear,and strictly distinguishing the relationship between the interpretation of the contract and the application of law.The Civil Code establishes the contract interpretation rules which give priority to literal interpretation and consider system interpretation,nature interpretation,purpose interpretation,customary interpretation and good faith interpretation.It is of great theoretical and practical significance to protect and promote market transactions,restrict judges′discretion,unify judicial rules and safeguard judicial fairness and authority.