世界遗产地乡村聚落功能转型与空间重构——以汤口、寨西和山岔为例

Rural settlements functional transformation and spatial restructuring in world heritage sites:Take Tangkou,Zhaixi and Shancha as examples

作为新兴的重要发展力量,旅游业发展深刻地改变着社会经济形态和空间格局。一方面,世界遗产地乡村聚落承载传统功能(如居住功能、生产功能等),另一方面,旅游消费给予乡村聚落新的发展活力,文化传承、休闲旅游等潜在功能逐步被挖掘。旅游发展进程中世界遗产地乡村聚落功能转型与人类适应性的科学研究,是亟待深入研究的重要前沿课题,对于指明世界遗产地乡村聚落转型发展方向和促进世界遗产地可持续发展具有重要指导价值。采取参与式农村评估方法、GIS空间分析和高清遥感影像相结合的方法,以黄山世界遗产地汤口、寨西和山岔3个聚落为案例研究对象,解析了3个聚落功能转型与空间重构的特征与模式,分析了聚落转型发展的影响因素与机制。3个聚落在功能转型与空间重构上,存在不同的特征与模式:汤口呈功能耗散式转型与空间破碎化分异、寨西呈功能模块化融合与空间协同性演替、山岔呈功能自组织适应与空间核域式集聚,并相应形成"原地生长型""就地重建型""景村共生型"三种转型发展模式。内外因素的相互作用、多元主体的能动性与旅游市场需求为世界遗产地3个聚落转型发展的支撑力、行动力与驱动力,推动着聚落的转型发展。

As an important development force,tourism development profoundly changes the socio-economic form and spatial pattern.On the one hand,rural settlements of world heritage sites contain traditional functions(such as residential function,production function,etc.),on the other hand,tourism consumption gives new development vitality to rural settlements.The potential functions such as cultural heritage innovation and leisure tourism are gradually explored.In the process of tourism development,the rural settlements functional transformation and human adaptability to world heritage sites is an important research content,which has important reference value for understanding the directions of rural settlements transformation and promoting the sustainable development of world heritage.Taking Tangkou,Zhaixi and Shancha villages as the research objects,we integrate the method of participatory rural assessment,GIS technology and remote sensing images,in a microscopic research perspective,apply the house function and tourism-live mixed use to analyze the characteristics and patterns of functional transformation and spatial restructuring,and adopt quantitative and qualitative methods(such as factor analysis,questionnaire interview,etc.)to explore the influencing factors and mechanisms in the three villages.The results suggest that the three villages have different characteristics and patterns in functional transformation and spatial restructuring.Tangkou is characterized by functional dissipative transformation and spatial fragmentation,Zhaixi is characterized by functional modular integration and spatial synergistic succession,and Shancha is characterized by functional self-organizational adaptation and spatial nuclear agglomeration.Accordingly,there are three transformational development models:Tangkou belongs to"in-situ growth"model,Zhaixi belongs to"originalplace reconstruction"model and Shancha belongs to"Jingcun symbiosis"model.The interaction of internal and external factors is the supporting force,the initiative of multistakeholders is the action force and the demand of tourism market is the driving force for the rural settlement functional transformation and spatial restructuring in world heritage sites.This study could promote the coordinated development of tourism and village construction in Tangkou Town,provide a reference for the sustainable development of rural settlements of world heritage,and further enrich the content of rural transformation in tourism destinations.