萨特论意识的基本谋划及其建构性意义

Sartre on Consciousness's Fundamental Project and Its Constructive Significance

与“是其所是”的自在存在不同,“是其所不是且不是其所是”的自为存在与自身之间永远存在一种距离,即与自身之间不能实现重合;这决定了人的实在是一种欠缺,而其所欠缺的就是与自身的重合,即意识始终追求一种成为自在-自为或上帝的前反思的基本谋划。然而,这一追求是失败的和不可实现的。尽管如此,意识的基本谋划理论及其模糊性结构具有重要的理论价值和建构性意义,它促使人类寻求一种从本体论到伦理学、从非本真性到本真性的“转变”。而一种存在的精神分析法恰恰为我们提供了一个从本体论到伦理学过渡的中介或桥梁,因为它是一种道德描述。同时,萨特从本体论和实践意义上对自由概念所进行的划分为实现一种“转变”提供了理论依据。

Different from the being-in-itself,which is what it is,there is always a distance between the being-for-itself,which is what it is not and which is not what it is,and self,that is,the being-for-itself cannot be coincident with self.This determines that human reality is a lack,and what it lacks is the coincidence with self,that is,consciousness always pursues a pre-reflective fundamental project to become in-itself-for-itself or god.However,this pursuit is a failure and unattainable.Nevertheless,consciousness's fundamental projec theory and its ambiguous structure have an important theoretical value and constructive significance,which urges human to seek a"conversion"from ontology to ethics and from inauthenticity to authenticity.And an existential psychoanalysis just provides us with an intermediary or bridge for the transition from ontology to ethics,because it is a moral description.At the same time,Sartre's ontological and practical division of the concept of freedom provides a theoretical basis for the realization of a“conversion”.