流感病毒和冠状病毒的细胞表面结合与内化

Influenza virus and coronavirus:Cellular binding and internalization

病毒是一种在活细胞内寄生并以复制方式增殖的非细胞型生物.不同病毒侵入细胞的方式不同,但大都需要通过结合至细胞表面特定的受体蛋白或脂质结构来实现细胞内化,从而启动入侵程序和感染宿主细胞.因此揭示病毒结合和内化侵入细胞的具体过程及机制有助于从源头上开发靶向药物或疫苗.本文以流感病毒和冠状病毒为例,首先介绍了流感病毒的结构,其与细胞膜上特定种类蛋白或脂质结构的结合方式,其完成细胞内吞的途径及诱导其内化的细胞因子种类,以及侵入细胞后的作用过程,继而对冠状病毒尤其针对目前仍在全球范围内肆意传播的新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2),扼要阐述了其结构特点、与细胞受体血管紧张素转化酶ACE2的结合及实现细胞内化的研究进展.

Viruses are acellular organisms that must be parasitized in living cells and proliferated by replication.Although different viruses invade cells in different ways,they mainly initiate the invasion process through binding to specific receptor proteins or lipid structures on the cell surface for the following cellular internalization.Thus revealing the interaction process and underlying mechanism between viruses and cell membranes will be helpful in developing targeted drugs or vaccines from the source.In this review,the influenza virus and coronavirus are taken for example.We will first discuss the structure of influenza viruses,their binding modes with cell membranes,the way of realizing cell endocytosis and the cytokines involved in this process.After that,recent research progress of coronavirus especially the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2,including its structural characteristics,its binding with cell receptor ACE2 and the following cellular internalization,is briefly introduced.