恩格斯《费尔巴哈论》对黑格尔辩证法的改造与发展

Engels Reformation and Development of Hegel s Dialectics in “On Feuerbach”

对德国古典哲学进行批判性继承,是马克思主义哲学创立过程中最重要的理论环节之一。其中,对黑格尔辩证法进行改造,实际上占据着比对费尔巴哈唯物主义进行扬弃更高的地位。在《路德维希·费尔巴哈与德国古典哲学的终结》一书中,恩格斯把辩证法这一合理内核从黑格尔的唯心主义体系中解放出来,并以合理的形式进行呈现、运用和发展,使之成为唯物主义历史观的根本方法论原则。首先,对黑格尔哲学进行唯物主义“颠倒”,打破唯心主义体系(外壳)对辩证法的束缚,并使辩证法建立在唯物主义的基础之上。其次,把黑格尔辩证法中仅作为中介环节的“否定性”提升到唯物主义辩证法的原则高度,充分发掘其现实性的革命力量。最后,把唯物主义辩证法拓展运用到自然界和社会之中,在历史科学的视角中实现自然史和人类史的统一,促进自然辩证法和社会历史辩证法在总体原则上的整合。研究恩格斯对黑格尔哲学及其辩证法的改造和发展,仍是深化马克思恩格斯学术关系的重要场域。

The critical inheritance of German classical philosophy is one of the most important theoretical links in the establishment of Marxist philosophy.Among them,the transformation of Hegelian dialectics actually occupies a higher position than the sublation of Feuerbach s materialism.In Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of German Classical Philosophy,Engels liberates the rational core of dialectics from Hegel s idealist system and presents,applies and develops it in a reasonable form,making it the most fundamental methodological principle of the materialist conception of history.First of all,the materialist“inversion”of Hegel s philosophy breaks the shackles of the idealist system(shell)on dialectics and establishes dialectics on the basis of materialism.Secondly,the“negativity”,which is merely treated as a medium in Hegel s dialectics,is elevated to the principle of materialist dialectics,and the revolutionary power of its reality is fully explored.Finally,the materialist dialectics is extended and applied to nature and society,realizing the unification of natural history and human history from the perspective of historical science,and promoting the integration of natural dialectics and social history dialectics in the general principle.The study of Engels s transformation and development of Hegel s philosophy and its dialectics is still an important field to deepen the academic relationship between Marx and Engels.