用作润滑添加剂的纳米粒子的研究进展

Progress of Research on Nanoparticles Used as Lubricating Additive

纳米粒子是指直径为1~100nm的超细微粒,其比表面积和表面能高,尺寸效应小,因此具有独特殊的物理化学性质。用作润滑油的添加剂,具有抗磨减摩作用,从而有效改善润滑油的性能。纳米润滑添加剂有单质碳和单质金属等单质剂、纳米氧化物、纳米硼酸盐和纳米硫化物等。用作润滑油添加剂的纳米粒子抗磨减摩的机制为吸附、渗透和摩擦化学反应以及滚珠效应。要实现纳米粒子在润滑油中均匀稳定地分散,需对纳米粒子进行表面改性处理。纳米粒子在润滑油中的分散方法有物理分散和化学分散法,其表面改性方法主要有表面活性剂法、表面沉积法、偶联剂法、酯化反应法和表面接枝改性法等。

Nanoparticle is a type of ultra-fine particle whose diameter ranges from 1 to 100 nm,has unique physical and chemical properties that result from large specific surface area and surface energy and small dimensional effect,if added to lubricating oil,can effectively improve the lubricating performance because of its anti-wear and antifriction effect.The nano lubricating additives involve elemental additives such as elemental carbon and elemental metal,nanooxide,nanoborate and nanosuphide.The mechanisms whereby the nanoparticles used as additive for lubricating oil enable anti-wear and anti-friction are adsorption,permeation and tribochemical reactions,as well as the ball effect.In order to achieve uniform and stable dispersion of the nanoparticles in lubricant,it is necessary that the surface modification of nanoparticles was carried out.The methods of dispersing nanoparticules in lubricant include physical dispersion and chemical dispersion,and their surface modification is mainly performed by surfactant method,surface deposition method,conjugate agent method,esterification reaction method and surface graft modification method.