从话语危机到安全危机:机理与应对

From Discursive Crisis to Security Crisis:Mechanism and Resolution

语言影响人们的思维和认知,是人与人、国与国之间交流和沟通的媒介,也是安全研究的重要维度。特定的话语可塑造威胁身份,叙述危机故事,对言语对象制造话语障碍,形成话语压力,建构话语危机,影响相关政策,使特定问题安全化,并影响安全程度的高低,导致不同的安全政策,甚至助推战争。中国在近三十年来一直面临来自西方世界的话语压力,在国际舆论场中经常陷入不利境地,有时由于某个话题成为舆论焦点,遭遇话语危机,如“中国威胁论”“中国强硬论”“中国威胁南海航行自由”“中国威胁世界秩序”以及中美“修昔底德陷阱”等。中国成为世界第二大经济体后日益成为世界关注的焦点,中国亟须研究和应对话语压力和话语危机。中国需要加大世界发声力度,提高话语主动性和自觉性;加大中国文化理念的国际宣传,重塑中国话语的国际语境;努力提升国际话语权;避免话语与行为的盲目自大,避免不必要的话语攻击和误解、有针对性地做好美国关于中国话语的改善工作。只有这样,才能够减少话语障碍和话语压力,有效缓解和化解话语危机。这是为中国塑造良好外部环境、提升中国国际形象、使中国与世界的互动更加顺畅的重要条件。

Language influences people’s mindsets and cognition,and serves as the important media for communication.It is also an important dimension and approach to view security.Discourse can construct threatening identities,narrate crisis stories,produce discursive obstacles or even discursive crisis,securitizing certain issues,and influencing threat and security perception,which in turn influences relevant security policies,and even helps legitimate and start wars.Within the past over three decades,China has been facing discursive pressure from the Western world on different subjects.In the international public-opinion arena,China has been in a disadvantageous position for decades.Sometimes,it even falls into discursive crisis on certain topics,such as China’s threat,China’s assertiveness,China’s threat to the freedom of navigation in the South China Sea,the“Thucydides trap”between China and the United States,China’s threat to the world order,etc.Gradually becoming the focus of the world,China needs to study and better deal with the discursive pressure and crisis,such as conveying China’s voice in the world,raising discursive consciousness,increasing the international publicity of Chinese ideas and thoughts,reshaping the international context for interpreting Chinese discourses,enhancing China’s international discursive power,avoiding unnecessary arrogance in both discourse and behavior,reducing unneeded discursive attacks and misunderstandings,and improving the US discourse on China.Only in this way can China reduce discursive obstacles and pressure at the international level as much as possible,avoiding falling into discursive crisis,and effectively alleviating and tackling those discursive crises.These constitute important conditions for China to create a good external environment,enhance its international image,and make the future interaction between China and the world smoother and more successful.