面向eVTOL航空器的城市空中运输交通管理综述

Overview of traffic management of urban air mobility (UAM) with eVTOL aircraft

回顾了城市空中运输(UAM)的起源与发展演变,定义了UAM交通管理基本概念,分析了催生UAM的社会和技术因素,提出了面向近未来时期国家层面UAM交通管理的基础架构,将基于电推进垂直起降航空器的UAM交通管理问题划分为3个方面进行讨论(空域规划、地面基础设施、交通规则与运行控制),并对近年来UAM交通管理相关文献所提出的代表性观点进行了梳理,总结了UAM近未来时期所需解决的关键问题,展望了UAM交通管理未来的发展趋势。研究结果表明:空域规划方面,UAM需要对现有低空非管制空域进行更精细化的规划管理,结构化的空域划设方式应该在UAM交通管理初期被应用,高度层空域结构能较好地平衡运行安全和空域容量之间的矛盾;地面基础设施方面,需通过城市OD数据预测UAM的交通需求来进行地面垂直起降站点选址,选址管理工作将直接影响空中航线网络结构和所需的地面通信导航监视台站的布设;交通规则与运行控制方面,UAM将直接面对更为复杂的有人机、无人机融合运行场景,UAM交通规则需要革新并对现有的运输航空交通规则保持兼容,高带宽的通信技术会促使UAM运行控制向空地协同决策和自动驾驶方向发生转变,未来交通管理中如何处理人与系统的关系至关重要。总的来说,UAM交通管理将可能会和现有无人机交通管理体系产生交集并逐渐融合,面对这一新型运输方式,国家将更可能采用集中管理、试点运行、有序放开的交通管理发展路线。

The emergence and development of urban air mobility(UAM) were reviewed, the basic concept of UAM traffic management was defined, and the social and technical factors promoting the UAM industry were analyzed. A nationwide framework of UAM traffic management for the near future was proposed. The UAM traffic management issues based on the electric vertical take-off and landing(eVTOL) aircraft were divided into three aspects for discussion(airspace planning, ground infrastructure, traffic rules and operation control). The representative views put forward by related literatures of UAM traffic management in the past few years were sorted out. The key issues that UAM needs to solve in the near future were summarized, and the development trend of UAM traffic management in the future was prospected. Research result shows that in terms of airspace planning, the UAM needs more refined planning and management of existing low-altitude uncontrolled airspace. The structured airspace demarcation method should be applied in the initial stage of UAM traffic management. The contradiction between the operational safety and airspace capacity can be better balanced by the flight layer airspace structure. In terms of ground infrastructure, the UAM traffic demand predicted by the urban OD data can be used for the location selection of vertiports. Also, the vertiport site management will directly affect the structure of the air route network and the layout of communication, navigation, and surveillance(CNS) stations. In terms of traffic rules and operation control, more complex UAVs and manned aircraft integration operation scenarios will be directly faced by the UAM. The UAM traffic rules need to be innovated and compatible with the existing transportation aviation traffic rules. High-band width communication technology will promote the transformation of the UAM operation control to the direction of air-ground coordinated decision-making and self-pilot. How to deal with the relationship between human and air traffic control system is very important to the future air traffic management. In general, UAM traffic management will likely intersect and gradually integrate with the existing UAS traffic management system. Facing this new mode of transportation, our country will be more likely to adopt the traffic management development route of centralized management, pilot operation, and orderly deregulation. 4 tabs, 13 figs, 76 refs.