土地流转、农业生产率与农民收入

Land Circulation,Agricultural Productivity and Rural Household Income

乡村振兴战略的重点是产业兴旺,提高农业生产率和农民收入是核心。本文基于1986-2008年农业部固定观察点数据,以历史上的自耕农比重作为工具变量,考察了土地流转对农业生产率、农民收入以及农村收入不平等的影响。研究发现,历史上自耕农比重越低的村庄,改革开放以来的土地流转率越高。总体而言,土地流转并没有提高平均农业生产率,只有当土地流转促进了规模化经营时,农业生产效率才能提高。进一步研究发现,土地流转有利于提高农民收入,其原因在于,土地流转让更多人从事了非农就业,提高了外出务工收入和经营性收入。同时,土地流转扩大了家庭经营收入和总体收入的不平等。本文的政策含义在于,农村土地“三权分置”需要进一步强化稳定经营权,促进土地流转和规模化经营,提升农业竞争力;同时,乡村振兴战略应注重城乡统筹协调发展,以促进非农就业为重要抓手提高农民收入。

The“Rural Revitalisation Strategy”aims to improve the agricultural productivity and increase the rural household income.Based on National Fixed-point Survey(NFS)data from the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture,and taking the historical proportion of land-owning peasants in the 1930s as an instrumental variable,this paper examines the impact of land circulation on agricultural productivity,rural household income and income inequality.The study finds that throughout history,villages with better protection of land property rights have a higher land circulation rate.In general,land circulation does not increase average agricultural productivity.Only when land circulation promotes large-scale operations can agricultural productivity be increased.In addition,land circulation is conducive to increasing the rural household income by allowing more people to work in non-agricultural employment in cities,thereby increasing labour income and operating income.Land circulation has also increased the inequality of family operating income and total income.The policy implications of this article suggest that the“Three Rights Separation”reform of rural land requires further strengthening of stable land management rights,promoting land circulation and large-scale operations,and improving agricultural competitiveness.At the same time,the Rural Revitalisation Strategy should focus on the coordinated development of rural and urban areas,and promote non-agricultural employment as an important starting point for increasing rural household incomes.