越冬小黑麦材料的创制及细胞遗传学研究

Creation and Cytogenetic Research of Overwintering Triticale Material

为选育能够在黑龙江省等高寒地区顺利越冬的冬性小黑麦中间材料,本研究利用远缘杂交手段,将中饲232、鉴3、4-29、4-30和4-31共5份六倍体小黑麦分别与俄罗斯冬黑麦(R0R0,2n=14)杂交,对杂交试验结果及杂种后代进行田间农艺性状调查和细胞遗传学分析。结果表明:经2018-2019年连续两年的田间杂交,共杂交406穗,获得F1杂交种1100粒,平均杂交结实率在8.31%~25.51%,籽粒饱满度低。杂种F1~F3经田间越冬筛选,共获得12份可在哈尔滨地区顺利越冬的小黑麦杂交材料,杂种植株形态与亲本相比类型丰富,表现为植株生长茂盛、抗寒能力强、多分蘖(最多有效分蘖36个)、大穗(最长17.23 cm)且穗底部多花等特点。细胞遗传学鉴定杂种F1体细胞染色体数目在25~42条,其中21份为42条染色体;通过花粉母细胞减数分裂观察表明,普遍存在6~9个二价体,单价体数目在6~16个。杂种F2体细胞染色体数目多数为42条,通过基因组原位杂交(GISH)鉴定结果表明,4份杂种F2中含有14条冬黑麦染色体。

In order to select the middle material of winter rye that can survive the winter successfully in Heilongjiang Province and other alpine areas.In this study,field agronomic traits and cytogenetic analysis were carried out on five small hexaploid rye cultivars of Zhongsi 232,Jian 3,4-29,4-30,4-31 and Russian winter rye(R0R0,2n=14)by remote hybridization.The results showed that for two consecutive years from 2018 to 2019,with a total of 406 ears and 1100 F1 hybrids were obtained.The average hybridization setting rate ranged from 8.31%to 25.51%,with low seed fullness.The hybrid F1-F3 were planted in the field,and a total of 12 materials were obtained for successful living through the winter in Harbin.Compared with the parents,the hybrids had more agronomic traits,which were characterized by lush growth in the field,strong resistance to stress,multiple tillering(the most effective tillering was 36),large panicle(the longest was 17.23 cm)and multiple flowers at the bottom of the panicle.The chromosome number of hybrids F1 cells ranged from 25 to 42.21 hybrids F1 cells contain 42 chromosomes.Meiotic observation of pollen mother cells shows that 6-9 divalent bodies and 6-16 monovalent bodies were common.The chromosome number of hybrids F2 cells was mostly 42,Genomic in situ hybridization(GISH)identified 14 winter rye chromosomes in 4 hybrids F2.