基于语用论辩理论的我国新闻发布类国防话语研究

A Pragma-dialectics-based Study of China’s National Defense Discourse of Press Conference

文章基于语用论辩理论,从修辞有效性和论辩合理性两方面综合评析我国国防部新闻发布会问答个案的策略机动过程,探讨我国新闻发布类国防话语论辩修辞研究路径。研究表明,与西方话语实践中“肯定我方、否定他者”敌我二元对立模式不同,我国国防部新闻发布话语以记者为虚受众,视敌意势力为非受众,将友好中立的第三方作为真受众,采取了“肯定我方、团结友方、否定反方”的三元策略模式,实现同情认同和对立认同,在话题选择、受众顺应和表述谋划上体现了“有理、有利、有节”的话语基调。基于语用论辩理论的国防话语研究可以克服其他视角仅关注话语有效性而忽视论辩合理性的不足,从规范性而不只是描述性的角度评估国防话语实践中可能的得失,进一步阐明论辩修辞之于国防建设军民深度融合发展的关联。

The paper,based on the pragma-dialectics,examines both rhetorical effectiveness and argumentative reasonableness of the strategic manoeuverings in a Q&A of Chinese Ministry of Defense’s regular press conference and explores the argumentative-rhetorical approach to studying China’s national defense discourse of press conference.It has been found out that,different from the dichotomy of“Emphasize us,de-emphasize others”in the Western discursive practice,the defense discourse adopts a ternary mode of“Emphasize us,unite friends,de-emphasize opponents”by taking correspondents as pseudo-audience,the opponents as non-audience,and the friendly third party as real audience to realize identification by sympathy and identification by antithesis and follows the discursive guideline of“on just ground,to our advantage and with restraint”in topic selection,audience adaptation and representation design.It is proved that the pragma-dialectic approach could overcome the methodological inadequacy of ignoring the argumentative reasonableness due to solely focusing on the discursive effectiveness of other studies and normatively,not just descriptively,appraise both pros and cons of the defense discourse maneuverings,thus demonstrating the relevance of argumentation and rhetoric to China’s military-civilian integrative development.