往来天地间:庄子伦理政治的理据

An Analysis on Zhuangzi’s Argumentation on Ethics and Politics:From the Perspective of Heaven and Human Beings

庄子提出“命”“义”两大戒乃是人“无所逃于天地之间”的存在处境,并在伦理、政治层面提出了自己的正面主张。他以“天德”作为人的修德依据,认为这一“不形之德”可以达成天地人我之和,实现道家式的内圣外王;面对伦理价值标准时,庄子主张以“天与人不相胜”的圆融智慧面对是非善恶等相对价值;在为政治国方面,庄子提出善治天下者,应保有自然无为之天德,以不仁之大仁成就万物同体和谐的至德之世。由此,庄子的伦理政治主张在“天”与“人”两大根本维度上体现出其哲学“独与天地精神往来,而不敖倪于万物”的基本精神。

Zhuangzi proposed that“fate”and“righteousness”were the existential circumstance that human beings cannot escape in ethical and political context.Also,he came up with his main ideas from these two aspects.First and foremost,he regarded the“virtue of Heaven”as the beacon for being a virtuous man.Only on the basis of this formless virtue of Heaven could the great harmony of the Heaven,Earth and Human Beings be achieved.This is also the so-called“Inner Sage and Outer King”in a Taoist way.Specifically,Zhuangzi had perfect wisdom,namely,“Heaven and Man cannot overcome each other”in the face of right,wrong,good and evil in the mundane world.Also,he claimed that it is necessary for the governor to bear the virtue of natural inaction which is akin to the virtue of Heaven since it might help establish a harmonious world in a manner of supreme benevolence.Hence,Zhuangzi’s ethical and political arguments fully display the fundamental spirit of“wandering alone with the spirit of Heaven and Earth without looking down upon all things”in his philosophy from the perspective of Heaven and Human Beings.