儒学与帝国日常政治:宋代皇帝的孝治与《孝经》

Confucianism and Imperial Daily Politics:Rule of Emperors in Song Dynasty by Filial Piety and Xiao Jing(The Classic of Filial Piety)

宋朝一贯宣扬以孝治天下,作为最高统治者的皇帝尤其重视《孝经》在教化天下中的作用。宋朝皇帝未登基之前学习《孝经》,登基后听侍讲、崇政殿说书等侍从官员讲授《孝经》,或与辅臣讨论《孝经》,或者亲自书写《孝经》,作《孝经》诗与臣僚唱和,挂《孝经图》,将御书《孝经》刊刻于石碑,时时警醒,或奖励进呈《孝经》的官员与布衣。在明堂典礼时,皇帝及礼官会根据《孝经》记载的礼制仪程来举行。这些孝治手段在一定程度上起到了教化天下的作用。从现有的史料来看,宋代皇帝孝治的事例主要集中在太宗、真宗和高宗时期,这应该跟太宗与高宗登基存在争议,以及真宗澶渊之盟后需要转移民众注意力有关。宋朝皇帝通过一系列孝治手段,起到教化臣民的作用,使自身的皇位更加巩固,而孝治也成为中国传统帝国日常政治生活的一部分,是儒学政治化的重要表现。

The Song Dynasty always advocated the rule of filial piety.As the supreme ruler,the emperors paid special attention to Xiao Jing(The Classic of Filial Piety)in educating the world.Before the emperors ascended the throne,they studied Xiao Jing.After they ascended the throne,they listened to attendant officials such as imperial lecturers and Chongzheng Hall(崇政殿)consultants on history and classics to teach Xiao Jing,or discussed Xiao Jing with the assistant ministers,or handwrote Xiao Jing,or wrote poems on Xiao Jing to which the courtiers replied with the same rhyme sequence,or hung illustrations of Xiao Jing,or had Xiao Jing handwritten by the emperors inscribed on stone tablets as constant caution,or awarded officials as well as commenters who had made submissions on Xiao Jing.At the ceremonies of the Bright Hall(mingtang明堂),the emperor and ceremony officials held the ceremony according to the etiquette and rituals recorded in Xiao Jing.These filial piety measures had played a role in educating the world to a certain extent.According to historical data available,instances of emperors’rule by filial piety in the Song Dynasty were mainly found in Taizong,Zhenzong and Gaozong Period.It should be related to the disputes over Taizong and Gaozong’ascending the throne,and the need for Zhenzong to divert people’s attention after the Chanyuan Treaty(AD 1005).The emperors of the Song Dynasty adopted a series of filial piety measures to educate their subjects and consolidate their throne.Filial piety also became a part of the daily political life in traditional Chinese empires,which is a manifestation of the politicization of Confucianism.