荀子“论秦国内政”再审视

An Analysis of Xunzi’s“On the Internal Affairs of the Qin State”

《荀子》中的《强国》和《儒效》两篇文献,记载了荀子“游秦”时对秦国内政的判断。学术界此前的解读多视其为荀子对秦国内政的肯定和赞美。实际上,秦国统治集团的高层对荀子入秦特别重视,也就有了官方“作秀”的可能。荀子眼中所见的秦政之美,不见得符合全部真相,可能只是秦国愿意示人的“表象”;荀子所论秦内政之美,就某些判断标准而言,与孔孟之道确实有所不同;而且还有“主宾答对”的特定背景,荀子赞美秦政也可以从“应对之语”的人之常情得到理解;荀子直言秦国内政的根本缺陷是“无儒”,体现出他秉执儒家学说的坚定立场,不失其学术宗师的风范。《荀子·议兵》篇保留了荀子对秦国内政的另外一段论断,批判堪称犀利。这是荀子在赵国的议论,环境超脱,也就更能够代表他的真实观点。

In the book of Xunzi,Xunzi’s judgment on the internal affairs of Qin State was recorded in the two documents of“Powerful Country”and“Confucian Effect”when he visited Qin.The senior officials of the ruling group of the Qin State attached great importance to Xunzi’s entry into the Qin Dynasty,so the beauty of Qin’s politics in Xunzi’s eyes did not necessarily conform to the whole truth,but may be the“appearance”of Qin’s willingness to show people.Xunzi’s beauty of Qin’s internal affairs is different from that of Confucius and Mencius in terms of some criteria.Xunzi said that the fundamental defect of the Qin’s internal affairs was“no Confucianism”,which reflected his firm standpoint of adhering to Confucianism.In Xunzi,“On Soldiers”retains another section of Xunzi’s judgment on the internal affairs of Qin State,which gives the Qin a sharp criticism.This is Xunzi’s argument in Zhao state.The environment is detached,which is more able to represent his real views.