维吾尔族体质类型:来自喀什的资料

Physical characteristics of the Uyghurs: anthropometric data from Kashgar

隋唐以前欧洲人种的地中海类型一直是喀什地区古代居民的主要种族类型.北亚蒙古人种回鹘人西迁进入新疆后,与其他族群发生长期融合,逐渐形成维吾尔族.目前维吾尔族人种学特征如何,是学术界关注的问题.在维吾尔族最具代表性的喀什地区,采用人体测量方法对喀什维吾尔族560(男273,女287)例成人进行了测量.研究发现,维吾尔族体质中包含明显的欧亚人种的因素,也包含部分南亚与北亚成分,但更多的是东亚类型成分.从体质指数分型来看,喀什维吾尔族男性、女性身高均为中等型(男性已经达到中等型的上限),体重值较大,头较圆、较高,面较狭,中鼻型,头宽度中等(男)或较狭(女),胸较宽,肩较宽,骨盆较宽,躯干较长,腿长中等(男)或较短(女).在中国13个族群中,维吾尔族男性眼外角高率、鼻根中等率中等,有蒙古褶、凹鼻背率较低,维吾尔族女性眼外角高率、凹鼻背率中等,圆耳垂率高、鼻基部上翘率低.南疆维吾尔族比北疆维吾尔族更接近东亚类型族群.南疆维吾尔族头型、鼻型和蒙古族接近,北疆维吾尔族和蒙古族面型相对接近.维吾尔族上眼睑有皱褶率很高,一部分人眼内角有蒙古褶,眼外角多高于眼内角,眼色多为褐色,提示其具有蒙古人种的基本特征.维吾尔族与东亚类型族群面宽、头长、形态面高、头宽值相对接近.维吾尔族头较圆、头较高,上身相对较长,腿相对较短,具有东方人群体质的基本特征.研究发现,维吾尔族体质类型既具有亚洲东方人群特点,也具有欧亚人群特点.在亚洲东方各个类型中,维吾尔族体质更接近东亚类型族群,也具有一定的南亚类型、北亚类型族群的特点.维吾尔族体质特征反映出其多族群融合的历史进程.

Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Mediterranean type of the European race had been the main ethnic type of the ancient inhabitants of Kashgar. After moving westward to Xinjiang, the Uyghurs of the North Asian Mongolian race started to have long-term integration with other ethnic groups and gradually formed the Uyghurs. At present, the ethnographic characteristics of Uyghur have been a concern for a while. In this study, 560 subjects(273 males and 287 females) were selected and measured using anthropometric methods in Kashgar, the region most representative of the Uyghurs. The study showed that Uyghur individuals have obvious Eurasian characteristics, with South Asian and North Asian features also being identified in this region. However, East Asian type features were rarer in the Uyghur. According to physical characteristics indexes, Kashgar Uyghur males and females are of medium height and heavier weight;with rounder, taller heads and narrower faces that are mesorrhine;they are also wider in chest and shoulder with relatively long trunks. Males have medium head breadth and leg length whereas females possess narrow head breadth and shorter leg length. Among the 13 ethnic groups in China, Uyghur males were found to have a medium nasal root length and extraocular angle as well as reduced Mongolian fold and concave nose. Meanwhile, it is common for Uyghur females to have a high external eye angle,medium concave nose and dorsal rate, a high round ear lobe rate and low nasal base upturn rate. The Uyghur in southern Xinjiang are closer to the East Asian type than the Uyghur in northern Xinjiang. The head and nose features of Uyghur in southern Xinjiang are more similar to those from Mongolia. In case of facial features, the northern Uyghur and Mongolian are relatively close. There is a high incidence of wrinkles on the upper eyelids presented in Uyghur adults, with some people having Mongolian folds, a higher possibility of outer corners than inner corners, and mostly brown eye color. Together this suggests that Uyghur adults have the basic characteristics of the Mongolian race. Uyghur and East Asian ethnic groups are relatively close in face breadth, head length,morphological facial height and head breadth. Due to the fact that Uyghur individuals have rounder and taller heads accompanied by relatively long upper bodies and short legs, they can be considered to have the basic characteristics of an Oriental population. Both the Asian Oriental ethnic group features and Eurasian population characteristics are found in the Uyghur group in terms of their physical type. Among the various types in East Asia, Uyghur adults are closer to the East Asian type, while having certain characteristics of the South Asian and North Asian type. The physical characteristics of the Uyghur may potentially reflect the historical process of multiethnic integration.