论“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”下的过度公共卫生措施

On the Excessive Public Health Measures under PHEIC

"国际关注的突发公共卫生事件"是《国际卫生条例》为应对特殊公共卫生风险所设定的特定概念。针对"国际关注的突发公共卫生事件",《国际卫生条例》授权成员国执行额外性公共卫生措施以获取与世界卫生组织的建议相同或更高水平的健康保护。然而,成员国往往利用这一授权执行规定范围外的过度公共卫生措施。此类过度公共卫生措施给国际交通和贸易造成严重干扰,侵蚀世界卫生组织的权威,影响了《国际卫生条例》的效用。鉴于临时建议的非法律约束力以及《国际卫生条例》争端解决机制的"软性"特点,《国际卫生条例》在约束过度公共卫生措施的问题上缺乏一个有力的执行机制。公共卫生措施的实施应该考量卫生、经济与人权层面的价值平衡,国际贸易法和国际人权法为约束过度公共卫生措施提供了标准。此外,联合国安理会的决议为规范过度公共卫生措施提供了有效路径。

"Public Health Emergencies of International Concern"(PHEIC)is a specific concept set by the International Health Regulations(IHR)to deal with special public health risks.For PHEIC,the IHR authorizes Member States to implement additional public health measures to obtain the same or higher level of health protection as recommended by WHO.However,Member States often use this privilege to implement excessive public health measures,which seriously affects the authority of WHO and the effectiveness of the IHR.In view of the non-legally binding nature of the temporary recommendations and the"soft"nature of the dispute settlement mechanism of the IHR,the IHR lacks a strong enforcement mechanism to restrain excessive public health measures.The implementation of public health measures should consider the value balance of health,economy and human rights.International Trade Law and International Human Rights Law provide standards for restraining excessive public health measures.In addition,the UN Security Council resolution provides an effective way to regulate excessive public health measures.