国家公园遴选标准的国际经验及对我国的启示

International experiences of national park selection criteria and the inspirations to China

建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系,是我国生态文明思想的重大举措。国家公园作为国际普遍认可的自然保护手段,受到世界各国的欢迎。美国、加拿大、德国、南非、日本等国的国家公园建设较早、发展较好,通过分析其国家公园建设经验得出:(1)国家公园是以自然保护为首要目标,并为公众提供享受大自然的场所;(2)其评价对象与标准主要包括,自然景观/自然遗迹、生态系统、生物多样性/重要栖息地、面积/范围、自然区域/自然环境、文化景观等;(3)根据资源条件和目标定位的差异,国外国家公园的选建模式主要有基于生态区划的国家公园建设模式、基于社区共建的国家公园建设模式和基于资源主导的国家公园建设模式。在国际经验研究和分析的基础上,结合我国自然资源状况及国家公园建设需求,提出我国国家公园发展建议:(1)明确国家公园的功能定位和发展目标;(2)制定国家公园评价准则和方法,建立以国家代表性、完整性、原真性为主,包括生态区位重要性、历史文化价值等因素的国家公园评价指标体系;(3)划定面向国家公园规划布局的生态地理分区,在区域内建立国家公园,并与生态系统优先区、生物多样性保护关键区,或代表性自然景观格局相协调。

It is a major measure of China′s ecological civilization to establish a protected area system with national parks as the main body.As a widely recognized nature protection method,national park is welcomed by the whole world.This research analyzed national park establishment experiences in America,Canada,German,and Japan,etc.which are well developed.The results show that(1)the primary object of national park is nature conservation,and it provides places for the public to enjoy nature.(2)The evaluation indexes and criteria are mainly natural landscapes/heritages,ecosystems,biology/important habitats,areas,natural regions/environments,and cultural landscapes,etc.(3)The national park patterns are divided into ecological zoning type,community construction type,and resources⁃oriented type according to different resource conditions,and functions and objects.This research put forward suggestions for national park development in China based on the foreign experiences and China national conditions:(1)to identify the functions of national parks;(2)to establish national park evaluation criteria,methods,and indexes,such as national representative,integrity,authenticity,importance of ecological location,and historical and cultural value;and(3)to divide China into eco⁃geographic regions for national park planning and analyze the spatial patterns of ecosystem,key protected species,natural landscapes,and ecosystem services.