生物炭配施氮肥对典型黄河故道区土壤理化性质和冬小麦产量的影响

Effects of biochar application combined with nitrogen fertilizer on soil physicochemical pro-perties and winter wheat yield in the typical ancient region of Yellow River,China

探讨典型黄河故道区生物炭配施氮肥对耕层土壤理化性质和作物产量的影响,阐明生物炭配施氮肥后土壤碳氮含量和理化性质的变化规律,可为合理培肥土壤、提升耕地质量、提高冬小麦产量提供科学依据。本研究以黄河故道典型区域潮土和中性生物炭为供试材料,连续两年进行田间定位试验,开展不同生物炭用量(0、15、30 t·hm^-2)配施氮肥(N 270、330 kg·hm^-2)对土壤理化性质的影响研究。结果表明:生物炭施入2年后,土壤广义土壤结构指数(GSSI)增大、土壤三相结构距离指数(STPSD)减小,显著改善了土壤三相比,其中在30 t·hm^-2施炭量条件下土壤三相比最接近理想状态;土壤紧实度和容重降低,土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度增加,田间持水量和透水透气性增大,土壤板结状况得到缓解;>0.25 mm粒径团聚体显著增加(增幅70.6%~94.4%),团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)增大(增幅24.0%~48.0%),土壤团聚体结构得到改善。施加生物炭可显著增加土壤有机碳含量(增幅15.8%~67.0%),并可调节土壤C/N,降低氮素释放强度,提高氮肥利用率,显著增加土壤肥力,但未提高土壤pH值,其中10~20 cm土层土壤pH值呈显著下降趋势。在相同施氮条件下,施用生物炭比不施用处理的冬小麦产量2年平均增加9.6%~25.6%,增产效果显著;在相同生物炭施用量下,高氮处理比常规氮处理的冬小麦平均增产2.5%~4.4%,但差异不显著。综上,生物炭配施氮肥能够改善土壤微生态环境,提高土壤肥力,增加作物产量。从改善土壤理化性质、作物增产效果和投入成本等方面综合考虑,推荐在黄河故道区耕作层施入生物炭30 t·hm^-2并配施氮肥330 kg·hm^-2较为适宜。

The aims of this study were to reveal the effects of biochar application combined with nitrogen fertilizer on soil physicochemical properties and crop yield in the typical ancient region of Yellow River,and to clarify the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen content and soil physicochemical properties with different treatments of biochar and nitrogen,which could provide scientific basis for reasonable fertilization of soil,quality improvement of cultivated land,and yield increase of winter wheat.A two-year field experiment was conducted with different biochar applications(0,15,30 t·hm^-2)combined with different nitrogen levels(N 270,330 kg·hm^-2)to investigate their effects on soil physicochemical property in the typical ancient of Yellow River.After 2-yr biochar application,the generalized soil structure index(GSSI)was increased and three-phase structure distance index of soil(STPSD)was decreased,and three-phase ratio was significantly improved.The most ideal state of three-phase ratio was in the condition of 30 t·hm^-2 biochar application.Soil compactness and bulk density was decreased,total porosity and capillary porosity was increased,water holding capacity was improved,water and gas permeability was enhanced,and soil hardening was relieved.The composition of soil aggregate was also changed.Soil aggregate>0.25 mm particle size was increased by 70.6%-94.4%,and mean weight diameter(MWD)was improved by 24.0%-48.0%.Biochar application significantly increased organic carbon content by 15.8%-67.0%,adjusted soil C/N,reduced nitrogen release intensity,improved utilization rate of nitrogen fertili-zer,and enhanced soil fertility.However,it didn’t increase soil pH.Soil pH showed a significant downward in 10^-20 cm layer.With the same amount of nitrogen application,biochar application significantly increased average yield of winter wheat by 9.6%^-25.6%in two years.With the same amount of biochar application,average yield of winter wheat with high nitrogen application was 2.5%-4.4%higher than that with conventional nitrogen application.In summary,combined biochar and nitrogen application could improve soil micro-environment,soil fertility and crop yield.Comprehensively considering soil modification,crop yield improvement and input cost,the optimum amount of fertilization was biochar application(30 t·hm^-2)combined with nitrogen fertilizer(330 kg·hm^-2).