《三国演义》东吴君臣关系新论——以张昭与孙氏兄弟关系为中心

A New Theory on the Relationship between King and Ministers of the Wu Kingdom Dynasty in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms——Focusing on the relationship between Zhang Zhao and Sun’s brothers

在《三国演义》中,东吴的君臣关系居于蜀汉之下、曹魏之上,属于"义气相投"模式。张昭是东吴的文臣之首与士林领袖,探讨张昭与孙氏兄弟的复杂关系,可管窥东吴君臣关系之一斑,对总结《三国演义》史料取舍的得失,探讨中国古典小说与历史的关系等问题,也具有参考价值。张昭与孙策的关系是君臣相得,一以贯之,和谐默契。孙权对张昭的态度呈现U字型的演化轨迹,总体不如孙策。与历史原型比较,《三国演义》中张昭所代表的士林地位有所下降,君臣关系有所疏远,能够表现张昭刚烈性格与人格精神的一些史料被罗贯中舍弃了。此问题给人颇多启示,个中深层原因值得认真探讨。

In The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the relationship between king and ministers of the Wu Kingdom is lower than that of the Shu Han Kingdom and above the Cao Wei Kingdom, which belongs to mode of "accordant temper and nature". Zhang Zhao is the head of the literary officials and the leader of the scholars in the Wu Kingdom. To explore the complex relationship between Zhang Zhao and the Sun’s brothers, we can have a glimpse of the relationship between King and his ministers, and also has a reference value for summarizing the gains and losses of historical materials in the masterpiece and exploring the relationship between Chinese classical novels and history. The relationship between Sun Ce and Zhang Zhao remains that the king and the minister keep consistent and harmonious. Sun Quan’s attitude towards Zhang Zhao shows a U-shaped evolutionary trace, which is not as good as sun CE’s. Compared with the historical archetype, Zhang Zhao’s status as a scholar in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms has declined, and the relationship between King and ministers has been alienated. Some historical materials that can show Zhang Zhao furious character and personality have been abandoned by Luo Guanzhong. This problem gives us a lot of enlightenment, and the deep reasons are worth discussing.