关于个人在历史上的作用的争论:托尔斯泰小说《战争与和平》和陀思妥耶夫斯基小说《少年》

The Controversy about the Role of the Individual in History:L. N. Tolstoy’s Novel War and Peace and F. M. Dostoevsky’s Novel The Raw Youth

托尔斯泰在《战争与和平》里表达的历史观否定个人对历史产生影响的可能性。历史是由所有人都有的一种非理性的生命力决定的,这种力量迫使所有人遵循最基本的利己主义目的。托尔斯泰认为,人在精神的意义上越简单,他就越能够更加正确地满足生命力需求;理想的人就是普拉东·卡拉塔耶夫。在小说《少年》里,陀思妥耶夫斯基与托尔斯泰的立场进行争论。陀思妥耶夫斯基认为,历史是由为数不多的"高级个人"决定的,他们借助于"高级思想"(包括宗教思想)来影响其他人和事件进程。1870年代,托尔斯泰经历了世界观危机,危机的结果是,他拒绝了自己以前的世界观,并建立了一个与陀思妥耶夫斯基的观点非常接近的宗教哲学学说。在这个学说里,托尔斯泰要求人们为了精神生命而拒绝最简单的、"动物的"生命。

The historical concept of L. N. Tolstoy, expressed in the novel "War and Peace", denies the possibility for an individual to somehow influence history. History is determined by the irrational power of life, embracing all people and demanding from them the pursuit of the simplest selfish interests. According to Tolstoy, the more primitive a person is in a spiritual sense, the more correctly he implements the dictates of the power of life;the ideal of man is Platon Karataev. In the novel "The Raw Youth", Dostoevsky argues with the position of Tolstoy. He believes that the history is determined by the few "higher personalities" influencing others and the course of events with the help of "higher ideas"(including religious ones). In the 1870 s, Tolstoy experienced an ideological crisis, as a result of which he abandoned his former worldview and created a religious-philosophical doctrine very close to Dostoevsky’s views. In this teaching, Tolstoy demands that people abandon the simplest, "animal" life for the sake of spiritual life.