明代儒学教官考论

Research on Confucian Instructors in Ming Dynasty

明代创办了体系较完整、制度较完备、覆盖较完全的官办教育体系,在各级学校中充任教职的儒学教官是明代科举教育的主要实施者。在科举教育政治化的背景下,明代儒学教官被纳入官僚体制进行管理,具有官、师合一的双重身份。与秦代法家的“以吏为师”不同,明代儒学教官制度可谓是“以师为吏”,这是明代高度集中的君权对于儒家作为立国之本的一种制度化设计,它巧妙地实现了官师、政教的合一。明代儒学教官的地位、发展、待遇等情形,可以视作明代儒学在专制君权统治下的一种生存状态。

The Ming Dynasty established a government-run education system with a relatively complete institution and overall coverage.The main implementers of the imperial examination education were the Confucian instructors who served as teaching posts in schools at all levels in the Ming Dynasty.In the context of the politicization of imperial examination education,the Confucian instructors in the Ming Dynasty were incorporated into the bureaucratic system for management where they had the dual identities of being an official and a teacher.Different from the government officials serving as teachers in the Qin Dynasty,the Confucian Instructors System was committed to entail“Confucian scholars as government officials”.It was an institutionalization of the highly concentrated monarchy in the Ming Dynasty for Confucianism as the foundation of the country,the unity of politics and education,officials and teachers.The status,development,and treatment of the Confucian instructors in the Ming Dynasty can be regarded as a state of existence under the autocratic monarchy of Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty.