《红楼梦》中师长的文学与科举教育观

On the Parental and Teachers’Views on the Education of Literature and Imperial Examination in Dream of Red Chamber

《红楼梦》中呈现了贾府男性家长贾政以及家塾塾师的文学与科举教育观。《红楼梦》中贾政和塾师重科举、轻文学,重八股、轻诗词的教育观代表了那个时代主流的教育思想倾向。贾府家塾教育中重视对课的训练不仅仅是为诗歌创作打牢基本功,也是科举八股文写作的基本功需要。贾政给宝玉布置的功课,都是围绕着科举考试的需要而展开的,但贾政具体考查宝玉等子弟的,小说中描写最多的却是诗歌。贾政诗歌考查中体现着与科举的密切关系:贾政科举崇拜心理减弱;所出诗题中出现了试帖诗的功令要求;贾政诗歌衡量中具有科举的尺度;诗歌是男性仕途经济的交游工具。

In Dream of Red Chamber,Jia Zheng,a male parent of Jia Family,as well as the teachers of the private school,attached importance to the 8-legged essays for the imperial examination but despised literature or poetry,which was the main trend of educational thought in that era.The emphasis on class training in Jia Family school education was not only to lay a solid foundation for poetry creation,but also a basic skill requirement for writing eight-legged essays in imperial examination.The assignments offered by Jia Zheng to Jia Baoyu were all carried out around the needs of the imperial examination.However,when Jia Zheng examined Baoyu and other children specifically,poetry was the most frequently described in the novel.Jia Zheng’s poetry examination reflected the close relationship with the imperial examination:his worshipping psychology of imperial examination was weakened;the checking poems had the requirements of the imperial examination;his judgement of poems had the scale of imperial examination;poems were the tools for male official career.